Use "PEP 604 – Allow writing union types as X | Y"

First added in Python 3.10, now that 3.9 is EOL'd.

Author: JoshData

.github/workflows/test_and_build.yaml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 In Development
 --------------
 
-* Python 3.8 is no longer supported.
+* Python 3.8 and 3.9 are no longer supported.
 
 2.3.0 (August 26, 2025)
 -----------------------

email_validator/syntax.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import unicodedata
 import idna  # implements IDNA 2008; Python's codec is only IDNA 2003
 import ipaddress
-from typing import Optional, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import Optional, TypedDict
 
 
 def split_email(email: str) -> tuple[Optional[str], str, str, bool]:
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ def validate_email_length(addrinfo: ValidatedEmail) -> None:
 
 
 class DomainLiteralValidationResult(TypedDict):
-    domain_address: Union[ipaddress.IPv4Address, ipaddress.IPv6Address]
+    domain_address: ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address
     domain: str
 
 
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ def validate_email_domain_literal(domain_literal: str) -> DomainLiteralValidatio
     # a compressed/normalized address.
     # RFC 5321 4.1.3 and RFC 5322 3.4.1.
 
-    addr: Union[ipaddress.IPv4Address, ipaddress.IPv6Address]
+    addr: ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address
 
     # Try to parse the domain literal as an IPv4 address.
     # There is no tag for IPv4 addresses, so we can never

email_validator/types.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 
 class ValidatedEmail:
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def email(self) -> str:
 
     """For backwards compatibility, some fields are also exposed through a dict-like interface. Note
     that some of the names changed when they became attributes."""
-    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Union[Optional[str], bool, list[tuple[int, str]]]:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Optional[str] | bool | list[tuple[int, str]]:
         warnings.warn("dict-like access to the return value of validate_email is deprecated and may not be supported in the future.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         if key == "email":
             return self.normalized

email_validator/validate_email.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Optional, Union, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
 import unicodedata
 
 from .exceptions import EmailSyntaxError
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 
 def validate_email(
-    email: Union[str, bytes],
+    email: str | bytes,
     /,  # prior arguments are positional-only
     *,  # subsequent arguments are keyword-only
     allow_smtputf8: Optional[bool] = None,