diff --git a/pyqpanda-algorithm/pyqpanda_alg/Grover/Grover_core.py b/pyqpanda-algorithm/pyqpanda_alg/Grover/Grover_core.py
index 0d2c2b3c..97672413 100644
--- a/pyqpanda-algorithm/pyqpanda_alg/Grover/Grover_core.py
+++ b/pyqpanda-algorithm/pyqpanda_alg/Grover/Grover_core.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from pyqpanda3.core import CPUQVM, QCircuit, QProg, Z, X, H, BARRIER
+from pyqpanda3.core import CPUQVM, QCircuit, QProg, Z, X, H
 import numpy as np
 
 from .. plugin import *
@@ -143,15 +143,29 @@ def iter_num(q_num, sol_num):
     """
     Calculate the optimal number of iterations in Grover search.
 
+    After :math:`k` iterations the success probability is
+    :math:`\\sin ^ 2 ((2 k + 1) \\theta / 2)` with
+    :math:`\\theta = 2 \\arcsin \\sqrt{M / N}`, so the first maximum is reached at
+    :math:`k ^ * = \\pi / (2 \\theta) - 1 / 2`, rounded to the nearest integer.
+
+    The widely quoted closed form :math:`\\lfloor \\pi \\sqrt{N / M} / 4 \\rfloor`
+    is the small-angle limit of that expression and is only accurate while
+    :math:`M \\ll N`. It loses up to a full iteration when the solution set is a
+    sizeable fraction of the search space, so the exact form is used here.
+
     Parameters
         q_num : ``int``\n
             The number of qubits in the search space. Search space size:  :math:`N = 2 ^ {\\text {q_num}}`.
         sol_num : ``int``\n
-            Number of target solution states.
+            Number of target solution states. Must satisfy  :math:`1 \\leq \\text{sol_num} \\leq N`.
 
     Returns
         num : The optimal number of iterations in Grover search.
 
+    Raises
+        ValueError\n
+            If ``q_num`` is negative, or ``sol_num`` is not in  :math:`[1, N]`.
+
     Examples
         An example for the case we show in the Grover search circuit. And we know there
         is only one solution to be found. And total 2 qubits for the search space.
@@ -173,8 +187,16 @@ def iter_num(q_num, sol_num):
     best iter num:  1
 
     """
-    num = int(np.floor(np.pi * np.sqrt(2 ** q_num / sol_num) / 4))
-    return num
+    if q_num < 0:
+        raise ValueError(f'q_num must be non-negative, got {q_num}')
+
+    space_size = 2 ** q_num
+    if sol_num < 1 or sol_num > space_size:
+        raise ValueError(f'sol_num must be in [1, 2 ** q_num] = [1, {space_size}], got {sol_num}')
+
+    theta = 2 * np.arcsin(np.sqrt(sol_num / space_size))
+    num = int(np.round(np.pi / (2 * theta) - 0.5))
+    return max(num, 0)
 
 
 def iter_analysis(q_num, sol_num, iternum=1):
@@ -355,21 +377,31 @@ def mark_data_reflection(qubits: list = None, mark_data=None):
 
     if isinstance(mark_data, str):
         mark_data = [mark_data]
+    if mark_data is None or len(mark_data) == 0:
+        raise ValueError('mark_data must contain at least one target state')
     n = len(qubits)
 
     for i in mark_data:
-        for j in range(n):
-            if i[-(j + 1)] == '0':
-                flip_operator << X(qubits[j])
-            else:
-                flip_operator << BARRIER([qubits[j]])
+        # Without this check a string longer than the qubit register silently
+        # marks the state given by its lowest n bits, and a shorter one raises
+        # an opaque IndexError from the slicing below.
+        if len(i) != n:
+            raise ValueError(f'mark_data entry {i!r} has length {len(i)}, '
+                             f'but {n} qubits were given')
+        if any(bit not in '01' for bit in i):
+            raise ValueError(f'mark_data entry {i!r} must contain only the characters 0 and 1')
+
+        # Only the '0' positions need an X conjugation; the '1' positions are
+        # already selected by the controls. The former implementation emitted a
+        # BARRIER on every '1' position, which is an identity on the state but
+        # blocks the transpiler from merging neighbouring gates.
+        zero_positions = [qubits[j] for j in range(n) if i[-(j + 1)] == '0']
+
+        for q in zero_positions:
+            flip_operator << X(q)
         flip_operator << Z(qubits[-1]).control(qubits[:-1])
-
-        for j in range(n):
-            if i[-(j + 1)] == '0':
-                flip_operator << X(qubits[j])
-            else:
-                flip_operator << BARRIER([qubits[j]])
+        for q in zero_positions:
+            flip_operator << X(q)
     return flip_operator
 
 
diff --git a/pyqpanda-algorithm/requirements.txt b/pyqpanda-algorithm/requirements.txt
index 94650a6e..ac9919dd 100644
--- a/pyqpanda-algorithm/requirements.txt
+++ b/pyqpanda-algorithm/requirements.txt
@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ mypy>=1.14
 requests
 pycryptodome
 sphinx-autoapi
-pyqpanda3
\ No newline at end of file
+pyqpanda3
+pandas
+scikit-learn
diff --git a/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_iter_num.py b/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_iter_num.py
index 6c4b0942..db90709b 100644
--- a/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_iter_num.py
+++ b/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_iter_num.py
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
 import pytest
 import math
+import numpy as np
 from pyqpanda_alg.Grover import iter_num
 
 
+def _success_probability(q_num, sol_num, iternum):
+    """给定迭代次数下 Grover 搜索的成功概率。"""
+    theta = 2 * math.asin(math.sqrt(sol_num / 2 ** q_num))
+    return math.sin((2 * iternum + 1) * theta / 2) ** 2
+
+
 class Test_grover_iter_num:
 
     def test_iter_num_basic_case(self):
@@ -19,6 +26,56 @@ def test_iter_num_basic_case(self):
         theoretical_r = round((math.pi / 4) * math.sqrt(N / M))
         assert abs(result - theoretical_r) <= 1, f"迭代次数 {result} 与理论值 {theoretical_r} 差异过大"
 
+    def test_iter_num_is_the_first_maximum(self):
+        """返回值应当正好是成功概率第一个极大值处的迭代次数。"""
+        for q_num in range(1, 11):
+            for sol_num in range(1, 2 ** q_num + 1):
+                result = iter_num(q_num=q_num, sol_num=sol_num)
+                theta = 2 * math.asin(math.sqrt(sol_num / 2 ** q_num))
+                expected = max(0, int(round(math.pi / (2 * theta) - 0.5)))
+                assert result == expected, \
+                    f"q_num={q_num}, sol_num={sol_num}: 期望 {expected}，实际 {result}"
+
+    def test_iter_num_no_better_neighbour(self):
+        """相邻迭代次数的成功概率都不应优于返回值处的成功概率。"""
+        for q_num in range(1, 11):
+            for sol_num in range(1, 2 ** q_num):
+                best = iter_num(q_num=q_num, sol_num=sol_num)
+                p_best = _success_probability(q_num, sol_num, best)
+                for neighbour in (best - 1, best + 1):
+                    if neighbour < 0:
+                        continue
+                    p_neighbour = _success_probability(q_num, sol_num, neighbour)
+                    assert p_best >= p_neighbour - 1e-12, \
+                        (f"q_num={q_num}, sol_num={sol_num}: 迭代 {neighbour} 次的成功概率 "
+                         f"{p_neighbour:.6f} 高于返回值 {best} 次的 {p_best:.6f}")
+
+    def test_iter_num_dense_solution_set(self):
+        """解集较大时不应使用小角度近似，否则会多迭代一次并显著降低成功概率。"""
+        # N = 8192, M = 5053 时，小角度近似给出 1，而最优值为 0。
+        q_num, sol_num = 13, 5053
+        result = iter_num(q_num=q_num, sol_num=sol_num)
+        assert result == 0, f"稠密解集下最优迭代次数应为 0，实际为 {result}"
+        assert _success_probability(q_num, sol_num, 0) > \
+            _success_probability(q_num, sol_num, 1), "0 次迭代的成功概率应高于 1 次"
+
+    def test_iter_num_single_solution_matches_classic_formula(self):
+        """单解且解集稀疏时，应与经典公式 floor(pi/4 * sqrt(N)) 一致。"""
+        for q_num in range(4, 15):
+            expected = int(np.floor(np.pi / 4 * np.sqrt(2 ** q_num)))
+            assert iter_num(q_num=q_num, sol_num=1) == expected, \
+                f"q_num={q_num} 时单解情形应与经典公式一致"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("q_num, sol_num", [(3, 0), (3, -1), (3, 9), (0, 2)])
+    def test_iter_num_rejects_invalid_solution_count(self, q_num, sol_num):
+        """解的数量超出 [1, 2 ** q_num] 时应抛出 ValueError 而不是返回错误结果。"""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            iter_num(q_num=q_num, sol_num=sol_num)
+
+    def test_iter_num_rejects_negative_qubit_number(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            iter_num(q_num=-1, sol_num=1)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     # 直接运行所有测试
diff --git a/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_mark_data_reflection.py b/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_mark_data_reflection.py
index a18cb5ad..58718866 100644
--- a/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_mark_data_reflection.py
+++ b/test/QAlgBase/Test_grover_mark_data_reflection.py
@@ -1,33 +1,82 @@
-# import pytest
-# from pyqpanda_alg.Grover import mark_data_reflection
-# from pyqpanda_alg.Grover import Grover
-# from pyqpanda3.core import CPUQVM, QProg
-#
-#
-# class Test_grover_mark_data_reflection:
-#
-#     def test_mark_data_reflection_basic(self):
-#         m = CPUQVM()
-#         q_state = QProg(3).qubits()
-#
-#         def mark(qubits):
-#             return mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['101', '001'])
-#
-#         demo_search = Grover(flip_operator=mark)
-#         prog = QProg()
-#         prog << demo_search.cir(q_input=q_state)
-#
-#         m.run(prog, shots=1000)
-#         res = m.result().get_prob_dict()
-#         assert '101' in res, "目标态 '101' 应该在结果中"
-#         assert '001' in res, "目标态 '001' 应该在结果中"
-#
-#         target_prob = res.get('101', 0) + res.get('001', 0)
-#         assert target_prob > 0.1, f"两个目标态的总概率应该显著高于随机，当前为: {target_prob}"
-#
-#         total_prob = sum(res.values())
-#         assert abs(total_prob - 1.0) < 0.01, f"概率总和应该为1，当前为: {total_prob}"
-#
-# if __name__ == "__main__":
-#     # 可以直接运行测试
-#     pytest.main([__file__, "-v", "-s"])
\ No newline at end of file
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+from pyqpanda_alg.Grover import mark_data_reflection
+from pyqpanda_alg.Grover import Grover
+from pyqpanda3.core import CPUQVM, QProg
+
+
+class Test_grover_mark_data_reflection:
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_basic(self):
+        m = CPUQVM()
+        q_state = QProg(3).qubits()
+
+        def mark(qubits):
+            return mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['101', '001'])
+
+        demo_search = Grover(flip_operator=mark)
+        prog = QProg()
+        prog << demo_search.cir(q_input=q_state)
+
+        m.run(prog, shots=1000)
+        res = m.result().get_prob_dict()
+        assert '101' in res, "目标态 '101' 应该在结果中"
+        assert '001' in res, "目标态 '001' 应该在结果中"
+
+        target_prob = res.get('101', 0) + res.get('001', 0)
+        assert target_prob > 0.1, f"两个目标态的总概率应该显著高于随机，当前为: {target_prob}"
+
+        total_prob = sum(res.values())
+        assert abs(total_prob - 1.0) < 0.01, f"概率总和应该为1，当前为: {total_prob}"
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_flips_only_marked_states(self):
+        """该算子应当是对角的，且只在被标记的态上取 -1。"""
+        qubits = list(range(3))
+        mark_data = ['101', '001']
+        matrix = np.asarray(mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=mark_data).matrix())
+
+        off_diagonal = np.max(np.abs(matrix - np.diag(np.diag(matrix))))
+        assert off_diagonal < 1e-9, f"相位翻转算子应为对角矩阵，非对角最大值为 {off_diagonal}"
+
+        marked = {int(s, 2) for s in mark_data}
+        for index in range(matrix.shape[0]):
+            expected = -1.0 if index in marked else 1.0
+            assert abs(matrix[index, index] - expected) < 1e-9, \
+                f"基态 {index:03b} 的相位应为 {expected}，实际为 {matrix[index, index]}"
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_accepts_single_string(self):
+        """单个字符串与仅含该字符串的列表应当等价。"""
+        qubits = list(range(3))
+        from_string = np.asarray(mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data='011').matrix())
+        from_list = np.asarray(mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['011']).matrix())
+        assert np.max(np.abs(from_string - from_list)) < 1e-9, "字符串与单元素列表应生成相同电路"
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_rejects_length_mismatch(self):
+        """标记串长度与量子比特数不一致时应报错，而不是静默标记错误的态。"""
+        qubits = list(range(3))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['1010'])
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['10'])
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_rejects_invalid_characters(self):
+        qubits = list(range(3))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['1x1'])
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_rejects_empty_mark_data(self):
+        qubits = list(range(3))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=[])
+
+    def test_mark_data_reflection_contains_no_barrier(self):
+        """算子中不应包含对态无影响、却会阻断编译优化的 BARRIER。"""
+        qubits = list(range(4))
+        circuit = mark_data_reflection(qubits=qubits, mark_data=['1011', '0110'])
+        op_names = {str(name).upper() for name in circuit.count_ops()}
+        assert 'BARRIER' not in op_names, f"电路中不应包含 BARRIER，实际算子为 {op_names}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # 可以直接运行测试
+    pytest.main([__file__, "-v", "-s"])
diff --git a/test/pytest.ini b/test/pytest.ini
index 2887f64b..1dd65567 100644
--- a/test/pytest.ini
+++ b/test/pytest.ini
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 testpaths =
     QAlgBase
     QAOA
-    QRAM
+    QARM
     QPCA
     QSVM