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‎book/SUMMARY.md‎

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* [Conclusion](languages/assembly/conclusion.md)
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* [C++](languages/cpp/README.md)
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* [Introduction](languages/cpp/intro.md)
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* [ABC](languages/abc/README.md)
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* [Conclusion](languages/csharp/conclusion.md)
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* [C++](languages/cpp/README.md)
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* [Introduction](languages/cpp/intro.md)
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## End
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* [Credits](credits.md)

‎book/languages/abc/conclusion.md‎

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* [Making of python-An interview](https://www.artima.com/intv/pythonP.html)
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* [The official page of ABC](https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/)
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* Pemberton, S. (1987, January 01). An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs.
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Retrieved from [here.](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1695678/)

‎book/languages/abc/history.md‎

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## Creation
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ABC was created in the early 1980s by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton at
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the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands. ABC language was developed iteratively
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with it being the fourth iteration. All the previous versions/iterations of this language were called as B.
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It is said that the first version of B appeared in 1969. So we can say that ABC went through a long
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phase of development and changes before it took its current form.
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Note that B is not a predecessor of the C programming language.
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ABC was created by by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton at
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the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands. It was developed iteratively with ABC
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being the fourth iteration. The first two iterations were developed by Geurts and Meertens at the
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CWI between 1975-76 and 1977-79 respectively. The third iteration was developed between 1979-81 with
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the help of Robert Dewar from the New York University and had "B" as a working title.
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After using B for 5 years, Geurts, Meertens and Pemberton came up with a new iteration based on the
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pros and cons of B and other programming languages of the time. They named this language *ABC* and
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as of 1986, it was ready for a formal release and was undergoing final revisions. Probably ABC was
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released to the public in 1987.
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## Purpose
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‎book/languages/js/README.md‎

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# Oh, hello there
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> This chapter has been authored by Skayo and Gadila Shashank Reddy.
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Welcome to the JavaScript chapter! We would like to let you know a bit more about
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JavaScript and programming in JavaScript.

‎book/languages/js/advantages.md‎

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# Purpose & Advantages
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JavaScript was initially created to fulfill the following requirements :
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* Must be able to assemble components like plug-ins and images in web pages.
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* Must be a lightweight scripting language.
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* Must run in the browser environment itself and the code included in the markup of the website.
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* Must complement Java.
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* Easy to learn and use by web developers and amateur programmers.
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However over subsequent versions, JavaScript was able to do *more* than assemble components on web
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pages. Later versions of JavaScript included capabilities such as event driven programming which
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basically meant that the user was able to *interact* with the web page. This made way for
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*[Web 2.0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0)* where websites were able to interact with the
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user and able to generate content based on user driven events or actions unlike the *Web 1.0* where
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static content was served and the user was only able to read it.
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Even further improvements meant that JS was able to handle server-side scripts and computing and
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also used in developing native and stand-alone applications instead of being only restricted to the
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browser environment. Also JacvaScript has a relatively high speed of execution though not as fast
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as C or Rust.

‎book/languages/js/conclusion.md‎

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# Conclusion
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Many refer JS as a necessary evil. It can help in making the websites more interactive and interesting
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while introducing potential problems due to negligible or no validation of its working on the server
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end. Although several standards and protocols have been created for the safe execution of JS like
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*Sandbox Environment*, *Strict Mode*, *Same origin request policy*, etc it still remains as a potential
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gateway to exploit negligent or non careful users.
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## Sources
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* [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript)
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## Regarding the authors
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This chapter was originally written by Skayo and additions were made to it
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by Gadila Shashank Reddy. For the original content written by Konrad, see
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[here.](https://github.com/Skayo/Community-Programming-Book/tree/f8c9cf8fc2d7cad783f85393e3e5103f8bc76b35/book/languages/js)

‎book/languages/js/disadvantages.md‎

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# Disadvantages
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Since JavaScript is basically a client-side scripting language, it can potentially introduce security
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issues by means of malicious implementations of the language. These issues can easily arise if the
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user is not careful enough and unknowingly causes the execution of malicious code.
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Some of these are mentioned.
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*These security issues are in no way a disadvantage of the language itself.*
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* Cross-site scripting (XSS)
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* Cross-site request forgery
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* JavaScript hijacking
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* Browser and plugin coding errors
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* Sandbox implementation errors
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* Malicious/Vulnerable libraries and frameworks
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Some other disadvantages of JavaScript which are not security issues but can be generated by the
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user.
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*Again these are in no way a disadvantage of the language itself.*
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* Potential loss of web page functionality due to user disabling JS script execution. This cannot be validated by the server because JS is client-side only.

‎book/languages/js/history.md‎

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# History
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The next section gives a historical perspective of JS and provides context about the various
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entities involved in the creation of JavaScript.
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Though the next section can be potentially long, it is suggested to go through it for better
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understanding however it can be skipped without any loss of information.
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## Background story
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Back in the 1990's when the World Wide Web was new and the Internet was in its infancy, different
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companies were in a race to create the *best and the most popular* browser in order to browse the
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Internet.
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In 1993, the [NCSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications)
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came up with the first ever graphical web browser named *NCSA Mosaic*. It helped a lot in expansion
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and popularizing the World Wide Web.
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In 1994, a company called *Mosaic Communications* was formed which employed many authors of the NCSA
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Mosaic to create a browser with the aim of dominating the web-browser market. Their product was known
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as *Mosaic Netscape*. The company was later renamed as *Netscape Communications* and the browser was
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renamed as *Netscape Navigator* to avoid trademark problems with NCSA.
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The founder of Netscape Communications, Marc Andreessen, felt the need of a language that was easy
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to use by web developers and designers to generate dynamic content on web pages. JavaScript was born
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from this need.
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## Creation
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In 1995, **Brendan Eich** was recruited by *Netscape Communications* with the goal of embedding the
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*Scheme programming language* into its *Netsacpe Navigator*, then the most popular web browser. The
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goal of this job was to create a lightweight and easy to use programming (read scripting) language
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that can run in the browser environment and is able to generate dynamic content in web pages.
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At that time Netscape Communications was already collaborating with *Sun Microsystems* to include
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the latter's Java in order to compete with *Microsoft* for user adoption of its technologies and
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platforms. So Netscape Communications decided that the new scripting language to be created must
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complement Java and have similar syntax but not adopt other scripting languages of the time like
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Perl, Python, TCL or Scheme. Within 10 days, in May 1995, Brendan came up with a working prototype.
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Though developed under the name **Mocha**, this scripting language was first officially known as
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**LiveScript** when it began shipping in September 1995 and later renamed to **JavaScript** in
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December 1995.
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So this is how JavaScript came into existence.

‎book/languages/js/intro.md‎

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# Introduction
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## Inception
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JavaScript (JS) is a high-level, interpreted programming language, used as a scripting language in
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web pages to generate dynamic content. Along with HTML and CSS, JavaScript is a part of the core
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technologies powering the World Wide Web and the Internet we know today.
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Though it was intended to be used as a client-side scripting language to generate dynamic web pages,
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JS has different variants that can handle applications such as the *front-end* of a website/web
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application (Vue.js, React.js, etc) and server-side scripting a.k.a the *back-end* of a website/web
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application (Node.js, etc).
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Some of its variants are also used in creating desktop and mobile native apps (Proton, Electron, etc)
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> The file extension of JavaScript is .js
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```md
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The ".js" extension in the names of some frameworks like React.js is supposed to mean that they
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are related to JavaScript and not that they are individual files written in JavaScript.
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```

‎book/languages/js/misc.md‎

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# Some interesting facts
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* Some say that the name JavaScript was chosen intentionally as part of a marketing strategy to promote
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user adoption. This similarity in naming was meant to take advantage of the already established Java
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programming language in creating an impression that JavaScript is an extension of Java.
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* Currently JavaScript is a trademark of *Oracle Corporation* in the United States. If you haven't
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guessed this company is better known for its virtual machine technologies.
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* The internal codename of the Mosaic Netscape or the Netscape Navigator browser was **Mozilla**.
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* The Mozilla Foundation was founded in 1998 by the members of Netscape Communications.
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* JS is licensed by Oracle to Netscape Communications then and currently to the Mozilla Foundation.
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## An Example
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This section will compare Hello World program in JavaScript with other languages.
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### JavaScript
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```JavaScript
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"use strict" // This declares strict mode and using it is a good security practice.
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console.log("Hello world!"); // semicolon is not mandatory but recommended
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```
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### Kotlin
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```Kotlin
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fun main(args: Array<String>) {
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println("Hello world!")
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}
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```
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### Python
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```Python
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print "Hello world!"
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```
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### Ruby
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```Ruby
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puts "Hello world!"
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```
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Though the example was a simple one, we all start from writing Hello World, don't we? :)

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