diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/file/rotator.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/file/rotator.hpp
index fd440c255..6bffcc747 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/file/rotator.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/file/rotator.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_FILE_ROTATOR_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_FILE_ROTATOR_HPP
 
-#include <memory>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/file/utilities.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap.ipp
index ac81f74f7..dae8d968d 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_dispatch.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_dispatch.ipp
index b71f3fe9c..d5f86c052 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_dispatch.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_dispatch.ipp
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_DISPATCH_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_DISPATCH_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <utility>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/file/file.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_native.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_native.ipp
index 1017d3198..d1c35e358 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_native.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_native.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_NATIVE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_NATIVE_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_private.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_private.ipp
index ad5cacc75..b3bd5229b 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_private.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_private.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_PRIVATE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_PRIVATE_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_staging.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_staging.ipp
index b94b16525..be0bdb87b 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_staging.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_staging.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_STAGING_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_STAGING_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #if defined(STAGING_TELEMETRY)
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_storage.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_storage.ipp
index 66ae99071..c2ad48caf 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_storage.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/memory/mmap_storage.ipp
@@ -19,10 +19,8 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_STORAGE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAP_STORAGE_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <utility>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/file/file.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arrayhead.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arrayhead.ipp
index 1748dd7dc..88168fb71 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arrayhead.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arrayhead.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_ARRAYHEAD_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_ARRAYHEAD_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 // TODO: xcode clang++16 does not support C++20 std::atomic_ref.
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arraymap.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arraymap.ipp
index 7d0258688..ab62aac4f 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arraymap.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/arraymap.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_ARRAYMAP_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_ARRAYMAP_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashhead.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashhead.ipp
index c901ed1fe..eba3132b1 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashhead.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashhead.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_HASHHEAD_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_HASHHEAD_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashmap.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashmap.ipp
index 6998e66f0..595890b07 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashmap.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/hashmap.ipp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_HASHMAP_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/iterator.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/iterator.ipp
index fcb36901c..01d13fab0 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/iterator.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/iterator.ipp
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_ELEMENT_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_ELEMENT_IPP
 
-#include <iterator>
 #include <cstring>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/keys.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/keys.ipp
index 6b93ac1f4..6326221c0 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/keys.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/keys.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_KEYS_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_KEYS_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/nohead.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/nohead.ipp
index 28670bee1..32af862ab 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/nohead.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/primitives/nohead.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_NOHEAD_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_NOHEAD_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 // TODO: xcode clang++16 does not support C++20 std::atomic_ref.
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_balance.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_balance.ipp
index b090ce215..edeadd38a 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_balance.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_balance.ipp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ADDRESS_BALANCE_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_history.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_history.ipp
index 4022a3c75..ccb515baf 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_history.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_history.ipp
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ADDRESS_HISTORY_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <ranges>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_outpoints.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_outpoints.ipp
index 704840805..6be5d4e1c 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_outpoints.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_outpoints.ipp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ADDRESS_OUTPOINTS_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_unspent.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_unspent.ipp
index 50a2c2e23..136d90ad0 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_unspent.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/address/address_unspent.ipp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ADDRESS_UNSPENT_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/amounts.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/amounts.ipp
index 1b8f85b8e..b7437cf18 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/amounts.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/amounts.ipp
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_AMOUNTS_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_reader.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_reader.ipp
index f757cb100..d1e520c7e 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_reader.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_reader.ipp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ARCHIVE_CHAIN_READER_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ARCHIVE_CHAIN_READER_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_writer.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_writer.ipp
index 35b24c6d3..e64b54ef9 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_writer.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/chain_writer.ipp
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ARCHIVE_CHAIN_WRITER_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ARCHIVE_CHAIN_WRITER_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <ranges>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/wire_reader.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/wire_reader.ipp
index bdb352bce..dc1c75f47 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/wire_reader.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/archive/wire_reader.ipp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ARCHIVE_WIRE_READER_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_ARCHIVE_WIRE_READER_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/batch/silent.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/batch/silent.ipp
index fd4cd6bbd..2f9d848d2 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/batch/silent.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/batch/silent.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_BATCH_SILENT_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_BATCH_SILENT_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/tables/tables.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/types/types.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/confirmed.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/confirmed.ipp
index 5e84b4394..887d18255 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/confirmed.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/confirmed.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONFIRM_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONFIRM_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_block.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_block.ipp
index 880fe871a..0dd87be64 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_block.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_block.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_BLOCK_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_BLOCK_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <ranges>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_chain_state.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_chain_state.ipp
index bea6a0cb2..90e3540a7 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_chain_state.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_chain_state.ipp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_CONSENSUS_CHAIN_STATE_IPP
 
 #include <ranges>
-#include <memory>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_compact.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_compact.ipp
index 1825df8c7..f1dbd780a 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_compact.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_compact.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_COMPACT_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_COMPACT_IPP
 
-#include <iterator>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_populate.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_populate.ipp
index d0481da65..b0397a724 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_populate.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_populate.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_POPULATE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_POPULATE_IPP
 
-#include <iterator>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_prevouts.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_prevouts.ipp
index 77a0c8ed7..44ded9019 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_prevouts.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_prevouts.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_PREVOUTS_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_PREVOUTS_IPP
 
-#include <iterator>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_states.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_states.ipp
index 68493162a..c47a1db3a 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_states.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/consensus/consensus_states.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_STATES_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_CONSENSUS_STATES_IPP
 
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/fee_rate.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/fee_rate.ipp
index 088326c02..9dc5512fb 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/fee_rate.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/fee_rate.ipp
@@ -20,9 +20,6 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_FEE_RATE_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/filters.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/filters.ipp
index c25806009..b85df20b1 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/filters.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/filters.ipp
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_FILTERS_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <ranges>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/height.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/height.ipp
index 4a8e3d17b..566f6a9a8 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/height.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/height.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_HEIGHT_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_HEIGHT_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <ranges>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/initialize.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/initialize.ipp
index 7c877b633..fecd85ba9 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/initialize.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/initialize.ipp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_INITIALIZE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_INITIALIZE_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/locator.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/locator.ipp
index d61b42cff..4c6cea9ac 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/locator.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/locator.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_LOCATOR_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_LOCATOR_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/merkle.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/merkle.ipp
index 54c1ad342..bd2e5718d 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/merkle.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/merkle.ipp
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_MERKLE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_MERKLE_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_forward.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_forward.ipp
index dcc020246..9ff3b060d 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_forward.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_forward.ipp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_FORWARD_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_FORWARD_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_natural.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_natural.ipp
index 34fa89cc5..fe7288035 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_natural.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_natural.ipp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_NAVIGATE_NATURAL_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_NAVIGATE_NATURAL_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_reverse.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_reverse.ipp
index 4edf0f33a..cecc505ce 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_reverse.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/navigate/navigate_reverse.ipp
@@ -19,10 +19,8 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_NAVIGATE_REVERSE_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_NAVIGATE_REVERSE_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <ranges>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/properties_block.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/properties_block.ipp
index 4108b1e7d..2957f935e 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/properties_block.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/properties_block.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_PROPERTIES_BLOCK_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_PROPERTIES_BLOCK_IPP
 
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sequences.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sequences.ipp
index e9442cbb6..6a4e9aa4f 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sequences.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sequences.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_SEQUENCES_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_SEQUENCES_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <ranges>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sizes.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sizes.ipp
index c2c1ab67b..cdb8fc175 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sizes.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/query/sizes.ipp
@@ -20,10 +20,7 @@
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_QUERY_SIZES_IPP
 
 #include <atomic>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
 #include <numeric>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_matcher.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_matcher.ipp
index d020fc4cc..a8c7a9d8b 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_matcher.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_matcher.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_MATCHER_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_MATCHER_IPP
 
-#include <iterator>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/unspent/unspent_writer.hpp>
 
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_reader.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_reader.ipp
index a38412f6e..3d7425f44 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_reader.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_reader.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_READER_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_READER_IPP
 
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_scanner.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_scanner.ipp
index da37f34b7..51708f736 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_scanner.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_scanner.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_SCANNER_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_SCANNER_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <thread>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_serial.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_serial.ipp
index f163ca694..dc93e8496 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_serial.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_serial.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_SERIAL_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_SERIAL_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <semaphore>
 #include <thread>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_spans.ipp b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_spans.ipp
index 73946d133..de2ec2ed9 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_spans.ipp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/impl/unspent/unspent_spans.ipp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_SPANS_IPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_UNSPENT_UNSPENT_SPANS_IPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <thread>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/finalizer.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/finalizer.hpp
index 901283e2b..937f64cab 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/finalizer.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/finalizer.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_FINALIZER_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_FINALIZER_HPP
 
-#include <memory>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmap.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmap.hpp
index 0efaa1a52..292dc6f84 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmap.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmap.hpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <filesystem>
-#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 #include <thread>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmaps.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmaps.hpp
index daa7d1d70..06e82b3b2 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmaps.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/mmaps.hpp
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAPS_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_MMAPS_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <filesystem>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/memory/mmap.hpp>
 
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/release.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/release.hpp
index 83511e316..d34fc23e2 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/memory/release.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/memory/release.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_RELEASE_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_MEMORY_RELEASE_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/body.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/body.hpp
index 967481cf0..80b5c934c 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/body.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/body.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_BODY_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_BODY_HPP
 
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/memory/memory.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/keys.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/hashhead.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/hashhead.hpp
index 10d1150ac..d04ff0e0b 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/hashhead.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/primitives/hashhead.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_HEAD_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_PRIMITIVES_HEAD_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <shared_mutex>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/store.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/store.hpp
index 471d217a4..a74a049b2 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/store.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/store.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_STORE_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_STORE_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <shared_mutex>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/input.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/input.hpp
index 38f67353a..2fd5c1b63 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/input.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/input.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_INPUT_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_INPUT_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <memory>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/memory/memory.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/primitives.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/ins.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/ins.hpp
index dbe9c2816..f0ac28c54 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/ins.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/ins.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_INS_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_INS_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/memory/memory.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/primitives.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/output.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/output.hpp
index 95c81ec08..69a0c1979 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/output.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/output.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_OUTPUT_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_OUTPUT_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <memory>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/memory/memory.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/primitives.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/outs.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/outs.hpp
index 79f6d031f..08e286676 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/outs.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/outs.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_OUTS_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_OUTS_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/memory/memory.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/primitives.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/txs.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/txs.hpp
index 9b0d40e18..18783513f 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/txs.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/archives/txs.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_TXS_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_ARCHIVES_TXS_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/tables/envelope.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevalid.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevalid.hpp
index 47129e5ea..25b5cf42e 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevalid.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevalid.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_CACHES_PREVALID_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_CACHES_PREVALID_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/primitives.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/tables/schema.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevout.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevout.hpp
index 952d7bd36..22d6726b7 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevout.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/prevout.hpp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_CACHES_PREVOUT_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_CACHES_PREVOUT_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/primitives/primitives.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/tables/schema.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/silent.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/silent.hpp
index e27e3ae30..bd89befa7 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/silent.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/tables/caches/silent.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #ifndef LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_CACHES_SILENT_HPP
 #define LIBBITCOIN_DATABASE_TABLES_CACHES_SILENT_HPP
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp b/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp
index 5539f8da8..a16a8f6da 100644
--- a/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp
+++ b/include/bitcoin/database/types/type.hpp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <optional>
-#include <utility>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 #include <bitcoin/database/tables/tables.hpp>
 
diff --git a/src/file/rotator.cpp b/src/file/rotator.cpp
index 94726731b..7ad4a5b4c 100644
--- a/src/file/rotator.cpp
+++ b/src/file/rotator.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include <bitcoin/database/file/rotator.hpp>
 
 #include <exception>
-#include <memory>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/src/memory/mstage.cpp b/src/memory/mstage.cpp
index 876fbc796..54ef7611e 100644
--- a/src/memory/mstage.cpp
+++ b/src/memory/mstage.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
  * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
diff --git a/src/types/history.cpp b/src/types/history.cpp
index 26a705702..1f1c39982 100644
--- a/src/types/history.cpp
+++ b/src/types/history.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
  */
 #include <bitcoin/database/types/history.hpp>
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/src/types/unspent_output.cpp b/src/types/unspent_output.cpp
index 78e7a31e6..44816ddd0 100644
--- a/src/types/unspent_output.cpp
+++ b/src/types/unspent_output.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
  */
 #include <bitcoin/database/types/unspent_output.hpp>
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <bitcoin/database/define.hpp>
 
 namespace libbitcoin {
diff --git a/test/memory/mmap.cpp b/test/memory/mmap.cpp
index d2063f2fb..78b9decb1 100644
--- a/test/memory/mmap.cpp
+++ b/test/memory/mmap.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
  */
 #include "../test.hpp"
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <thread>
 
diff --git a/test/test.hpp b/test/test.hpp
index 7789828d2..2efb93be0 100644
--- a/test/test.hpp
+++ b/test/test.hpp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
 
-#include <array>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <bitcoin/database.hpp>