From 3902f063c954e86041ff94f93005770d6013806b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: reggi <reggi@github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 2026 15:56:34 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] chore: expand range parsing option coverage

Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot-Session: e40646ba-5ae5-433c-abed-2cdf7f08793f
---
 test/classes/range.js        |  27 +-
 test/fixtures/range-parse.js | 485 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 432 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/classes/range.js b/test/classes/range.js
index d012e50c..7161516d 100644
--- a/test/classes/range.js
+++ b/test/classes/range.js
@@ -24,14 +24,37 @@ test('range parsing', t => {
       if (expect === null) {
         t.throws(() => new Range(range, options), TypeError, `invalid range: ${range}`)
       } else {
-        t.equal(new Range(range, options).range || '*', expect, `${range} => ${expect}`)
-        t.equal(new Range(range, options).range, new Range(expect).range,
+        const parsed = new Range(range, options)
+        t.equal(parsed.range || '*', expect, `${range} => ${expect}`)
+        t.equal(parsed.range,
+          new Range(expect, { includePrerelease: parsed.includePrerelease }).range,
           'parsing both yields same result')
       }
       t.end()
     }))
 })
 
+test('range parsing covers every option combination', t => {
+  const inputsByOptions = new Map()
+  for (const [range, , options] of rangeParse) {
+    const loose = !!(options && options.loose)
+    const includePrerelease = !!(options && options.includePrerelease)
+    const key = `${loose}:${includePrerelease}`
+    if (!inputsByOptions.has(key)) {
+      inputsByOptions.set(key, [])
+    }
+    inputsByOptions.get(key).push(range)
+  }
+
+  const combinations = ['false:false', 'true:false', 'false:true', 'true:true']
+  t.strictSame([...inputsByOptions.keys()], combinations, 'all four modes are present')
+  const defaultInputs = inputsByOptions.get('false:false')
+  for (const key of combinations.slice(1)) {
+    t.strictSame(inputsByOptions.get(key), defaultInputs, `${key} covers the same inputs`)
+  }
+  t.end()
+})
+
 test('throw for empty comparator set, even in loose mode', t => {
   t.throws(() => new Range('sadf||asdf', { loose: true }),
     TypeError('Invalid SemVer Range: sadf||asdf'))
diff --git a/test/fixtures/range-parse.js b/test/fixtures/range-parse.js
index 9f42f696..1a01ff90 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/range-parse.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/range-parse.js
@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@
 // '*' is the return value from functions.validRange(), but
 // new Range().range will be '' in those cases
 const { MAX_SAFE_INTEGER } = require('../../internal/constants')
-module.exports = [
+
+// Expected results without options; every row below runs in all four modes.
+const ranges = [
   ['1.0.0 - 2.0.0', '>=1.0.0 <=2.0.0'],
-  ['1.0.0 - 2.0.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.1-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
   ['1 - 2', '>=1.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
-  ['1 - 2', '>=1.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
   ['1.0 - 2.0', '>=1.0.0 <2.1.0-0'],
-  ['1.0 - 2.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.1.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['1.0.0', '1.0.0', { loose: false }],
+  ['1.0.0', '1.0.0'],
   ['>=*', '*'],
   ['', '*'],
   ['*', '*'],
@@ -32,14 +31,12 @@ module.exports = [
   ['<    2.0.0', '<2.0.0'],
   ['<\t2.0.0', '<2.0.0'],
   ['1.2.3-dev = 1.2.3-dev', '1.2.3-dev'],
-  ['1.2.3-dev= 1', null, { loose: true }],
   ['<\u00a02.0.0', '<2.0.0'],
   ['<\ufeff2.0.0', '<2.0.0'],
   ['1.2.3 = 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
   ['== 1', null],
-  ['>v= 1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
+  ['>v= 1.2.3', null],
   ['> +foo 1.2.3', null],
-  ['> +foo 1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
   ['1 +a +b = 2', null],
   ['~ +build 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
   ['~> +build 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
@@ -48,7 +45,6 @@ module.exports = [
   ['= v1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
   ['1.2.3\t=\n1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
   ['>= 1.2 < 2', '>=1.2.0 <2.0.0-0'],
-  ['>= 1.2 < 2', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.0.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
   ['~ 1.2 >= 1.2.3', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0 >=1.2.3'],
   ['^ 0.2.3 < 0.3.0', '>=0.2.3 <0.3.0-0 <0.3.0'],
   ['>= 1.x <= 2.X', '>=1.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
@@ -57,9 +53,7 @@ module.exports = [
   ['1.2.3+dev = 1.2.3+build', '1.2.3'],
   ['>= 1 +build < 2', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
   ['1.2.3 +build = 1.2.3', null],
-  ['1.2.3 +build = 1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
   ['= 01.2.3', null],
-  ['= 01.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
   ['1.2.3 = 1.2.3 || >= 2 < 3', '1.2.3||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
   ['1.2.3+build - 2.0.0+build', '>=1.2.3 <=2.0.0'],
   ['>= 2 < 1', '>=2.0.0 <1.0.0-0'],
@@ -68,9 +62,7 @@ module.exports = [
   ['=<1.2.3', null],
   ['><1.2.3', null],
   ['> = 1.2.3', null],
-  ['> = 1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
   ['== 1.2.3', null],
-  ['== 1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
   ['1.2.3-v = 1.2.3-v', '1.2.3-v'],
   ['1.2.3-vv = 1.2.3-vv', '1.2.3-vv'],
   ['1.2.3-1.dev = 1.2.3-1.dev', '1.2.3-1.dev'],
@@ -81,24 +73,21 @@ module.exports = [
   ['1.2.3-dev\u00a0=\ufeff1.2.3-dev', '1.2.3-dev'],
   ['1.2.3-dev+build = 1.2.3-dev', '1.2.3-dev'],
   ['1.2.3-dev +build = 1.2.3-dev', null],
-  ['1.2.3-dev +build = 1.2.3-dev', '1.2.3-dev', { loose: true }],
   ['>=1.2.3-dev = 1.2.3-dev', '>=1.2.3-dev 1.2.3-dev'],
   ['<=1.2.3-dev = 1.2.3-dev', '<=1.2.3-dev 1.2.3-dev'],
   ['~1.2.3-dev = 1.2.3-dev', '>=1.2.3-dev <1.3.0-0 1.2.3-dev'],
   ['^1.2.3-dev = 1.2.3-dev', '>=1.2.3-dev <2.0.0-0 1.2.3-dev'],
   ['1.2.3-dev <= 1.2.3', '1.2.3-dev <=1.2.3'],
   ['1.2.3-dev = 1', '1.2.3-dev >=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
-  ['1.2.3-dev = 1', '1.2.3-dev >=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
   ['1.2.3-dev = x', '1.2.3-dev'],
   ['1.2.3-dev = *', '1.2.3-dev'],
   ['1.2.3-dev || = 2.0.0', '1.2.3-dev||2.0.0'],
   ['1.2.3-dev - 2.0.0-dev', '>=1.2.3-dev <=2.0.0-dev'],
   ['1.2.3-dev= 1', null],
   ['1.2.3-dev== 1', null],
-  ['1.2.3-dev== 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', { loose: true }],
-  ['1.2.3-dev= 1 || 2.0.0', '2.0.0', { loose: true }],
-  ['1.2.3-dev || 1.2.3-dev= x', '1.2.3-dev', { loose: true }],
-  ['1.2.3 || 1.2.3= x', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
+  ['1.2.3-dev= 1 || 2.0.0', null],
+  ['1.2.3-dev || 1.2.3-dev= x', null],
+  ['1.2.3 || 1.2.3= x', null],
   ['>=0.1.97', '>=0.1.97'],
   ['0.1.20 || 1.2.4', '0.1.20||1.2.4'],
   ['>=0.2.3 || <0.0.1', '>=0.2.3||<0.0.1'],
@@ -116,9 +105,9 @@ module.exports = [
   ['x', '*'],
   ['vvv1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
   ['>= vvv1', '>=1.0.0'],
-  ['vvv1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
-  ['===1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
-  ['v=1.2.3', '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
+  ['vvv1.2.3', null],
+  ['===1.2.3', null],
+  ['v=1.2.3', null],
   ['2.*.*', '>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
   ['1.2.*', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
   ['1.2.* || 2.*', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
@@ -131,18 +120,11 @@ module.exports = [
   ['~> 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
   ['~1.0', '>=1.0.0 <1.1.0-0'],
   ['~ 1.0', '>=1.0.0 <1.1.0-0'],
-  // tilde with includePrerelease must lower-bound at -0 just like the
-  // equivalent x-range (e.g. ~1.2 is documented as the same as 1.2.x),
-  // so that prereleases such as 1.2.0-rc match. See #512.
-  ['~1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['~1.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['~1.2', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['~1.2.x', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['~0.0', '<0.1.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  // a fully-specified tilde keeps its exact lower bound (matches caret),
-  // and an explicit prerelease is preserved as-is
-  ['~1.2.3', '>=1.2.3 <1.3.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['~1.2.3-beta.4', '>=1.2.3-beta.4 <1.3.0-0', { includePrerelease: true }],
+  ['~1.x', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2.x', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2.3', '>=1.2.3 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2.3-beta.4', '>=1.2.3-beta.4 <1.3.0-0'],
   ['^0', '<1.0.0-0'],
   ['^ 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
   ['^0.1', '>=0.1.0 <0.2.0-0'],
@@ -159,9 +141,7 @@ module.exports = [
   ['>= 1', '>=1.0.0'],
   ['<1.2', '<1.2.0-0'],
   ['< 1.2', '<1.2.0-0'],
-  ['>01.02.03', '>1.2.3', true],
   ['>01.02.03', null],
-  ['~1.2.3beta', '>=1.2.3-beta <1.3.0-0', { loose: true }],
   ['~1.2.3beta', null],
   ['^ 1.2 ^ 1', '>=1.2.0 <2.0.0-0 >=1.0.0'],
   ['1.2 - 3.4.5', '>=1.2.0 <=3.4.5'],
@@ -174,52 +154,401 @@ module.exports = [
   ['<x <* || >* 2.x', '<0.0.0-0'],
   ['>x 2.x || * || <x', '*'],
   ['>=09090', null],
-  ['>=09090', '>=9090.0.0', true],
-  ['>=09090-0', null, { includePrerelease: true }],
-  ['>=09090-0', null, { loose: true, includePrerelease: true }],
+  ['>=09090-0', null],
   [`^${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0.0`, null],
   [`=${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0.0`, `${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0.0`],
   [`^${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER - 1}.0.0`, `>=${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER - 1}.0.0 <${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0.0-0`],
   // x-ranges with build metadata
-  ['1.x.x+build >2.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0', null],
-  ['>=1.x+build <2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['1.x.x+build || 2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0', null],
-  ['1.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['1.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['1.x.x+build.123 >2.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0', null],
-  ['1.x.x+build <2.x.x+meta', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['>1.x+build <=2.x.x+meta', '>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0', null],
-  [' 1.x.x+build   >2.x.x+build  ', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0', null],
-  ['^1.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['^1.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['^1.2.x+build', '>=1.2.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['^1.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['^1.x.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['~1.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['~1.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['~1.2.x+build', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0', null],
-  ['~1.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['~1.x.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['^1.x.x+build || ~2.x.x+meta', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0', null],
-  ['~1.x.x+build >2.x+meta', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0', null],
-  ['^1.x+build.123 <2.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
+  ['1.x.x+build >2.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.x+build <2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build || 2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build.123 >2.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build <2.x.x+meta', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.x+build <=2.x.x+meta', '>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  [' 1.x.x+build   >2.x.x+build  ', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0'],
+  ['^1.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.2.x+build', '>=1.2.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2.x+build', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x.x+build || ~2.x.x+meta', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x.x+build >2.x+meta', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0'],
+  ['^1.x+build.123 <2.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
   // // x-ranges with prerelease and build
-  ['1.x.x-alpha+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['>1.x.x-alpha+build', '>=2.0.0', null],
-  ['>=1.x.x-alpha+build <2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['1.x.x-alpha+build || 2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0', null],
+  ['1.x.x-alpha+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.x.x-alpha+build', '>=2.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.x.x-alpha+build <2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x-alpha+build || 2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
   // long build metadata must be stripped, not bled into the version
-  ['4.17.0+' + 'a'.repeat(250) + '3', '4.17.0', { loose: true }],
-  ['4.17.0+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '4.17.0', { loose: true }],
-  ['v1.0+' + 'a'.repeat(249) + 'x6', '>=1.0.0 <1.1.0-0', null],
-  ['1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251) + ' - 2.0.0', '>=1.2.3 <=2.0.0', null],
-  ['1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251) + ' - 2.0.0', '>=1.2.3 <=2.0.0', { loose: true }],
-  ['> 1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>1.2.3', null],
-  ['>= 1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>=1.2.3', { loose: true }],
-  ['~1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>=1.2.3 <1.3.0-0', null],
-  ['^1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>=1.2.3 <2.0.0-0', null],
-  ['1.2.3+sha512.' + 'a'.repeat(251), '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
-  ['1.2.3+sha256.' + 'a'.repeat(200) + '.' + 'b'.repeat(200), '1.2.3', { loose: true }],
-  ['1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251) + ' || 2.0.0+' + 'b'.repeat(251),
-    '1.2.3||2.0.0', { loose: true }],
+  ['4.17.0+' + 'a'.repeat(250) + '3', '4.17.0'],
+  ['4.17.0+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '4.17.0'],
+  ['v1.0+' + 'a'.repeat(249) + 'x6', '>=1.0.0 <1.1.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251) + ' - 2.0.0', '>=1.2.3 <=2.0.0'],
+  ['> 1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>1.2.3'],
+  ['>= 1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>=1.2.3'],
+  ['~1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>=1.2.3 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['^1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251), '>=1.2.3 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3+sha512.' + 'a'.repeat(251), '1.2.3'],
+  ['1.2.3+sha256.' + 'a'.repeat(200) + '.' + 'b'.repeat(200), '1.2.3'],
+  ['1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251) + ' || 2.0.0+' + 'b'.repeat(251), '1.2.3||2.0.0'],
+  // Each comparison operator at every version precision, with wildcard aliases.
+  ['1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.X', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.*', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.x', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.X', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.*', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['x', '*'],
+  ['X', '*'],
+  ['*', '*'],
+  ['x.x', '*'],
+  ['*.*.*', '*'],
+  ['=1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['=1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.x', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.X', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.*', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.x.x', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2.x', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2.X', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2.*', '>=1.2.0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=x', '*'],
+  ['=X', '*'],
+  ['=*', '*'],
+  ['=x.x', '*'],
+  ['=*.*.*', '*'],
+  ['>1.2.3', '>1.2.3'],
+  ['>1', '>=2.0.0'],
+  ['>1.x', '>=2.0.0'],
+  ['>1.X', '>=2.0.0'],
+  ['>1.*', '>=2.0.0'],
+  ['>1.x.x', '>=2.0.0'],
+  ['>1.2', '>=1.3.0'],
+  ['>1.2.x', '>=1.3.0'],
+  ['>1.2.X', '>=1.3.0'],
+  ['>1.2.*', '>=1.3.0'],
+  ['>x', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['>X', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['>*', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['>x.x', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['>*.*.*', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.2.3', '>=1.2.3'],
+  ['>=1', '>=1.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.x', '>=1.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.X', '>=1.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.*', '>=1.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.x.x', '>=1.0.0'],
+  ['>=1.2', '>=1.2.0'],
+  ['>=1.2.x', '>=1.2.0'],
+  ['>=1.2.X', '>=1.2.0'],
+  ['>=1.2.*', '>=1.2.0'],
+  ['>=x', '*'],
+  ['>=X', '*'],
+  ['>=*', '*'],
+  ['>=x.x', '*'],
+  ['>=*.*.*', '*'],
+  ['<1.2.3', '<1.2.3'],
+  ['<1', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['<1.x', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['<1.X', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['<1.*', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['<1.x.x', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['<1.2', '<1.2.0-0'],
+  ['<1.2.x', '<1.2.0-0'],
+  ['<1.2.X', '<1.2.0-0'],
+  ['<1.2.*', '<1.2.0-0'],
+  ['<x', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<X', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<*', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<x.x', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<*.*.*', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.2.3', '<=1.2.3'],
+  ['<=1', '<2.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.x', '<2.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.X', '<2.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.*', '<2.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.x.x', '<2.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.2', '<1.3.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.2.x', '<1.3.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.2.X', '<1.3.0-0'],
+  ['<=1.2.*', '<1.3.0-0'],
+  ['<=x', '*'],
+  ['<=X', '*'],
+  ['<=*', '*'],
+  ['<=x.x', '*'],
+  ['<=*.*.*', '*'],
+  // Zero lower bounds are removed only when equivalent to the selected wildcard.
+  ['>=0.0.0', '*'],
+  ['>=0.0.0-0', '>=0.0.0-0'],
+  ['0', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['0.0', '<0.1.0-0'],
+  ['0.0.0', '0.0.0'],
+  ['<0', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<=0.0', '<0.1.0-0'],
+  // Wildcard and zero-major tilde/caret branches, including explicit prereleases.
+  ['~*', '*'],
+  ['~>x', '*'],
+  ['^X', '*'],
+  ['~0', '<1.0.0-0'],
+  ['~0.0', '<0.1.0-0'],
+  ['~0.0.1', '>=0.0.1 <0.1.0-0'],
+  ['~0.2.3-beta.1', '>=0.2.3-beta.1 <0.3.0-0'],
+  ['^0.0', '<0.1.0-0'],
+  ['^0.0.x', '<0.1.0-0'],
+  ['^0.0.0', '<0.0.1-0'],
+  ['^0.1.2-beta.1', '>=0.1.2-beta.1 <0.2.0-0'],
+  // Open hyphen bounds and asymmetric partial/prerelease endpoints.
+  ['* - *', '*'],
+  ['* - 2.3.4', '<=2.3.4'],
+  ['1.2.3 - *', '>=1.2.3'],
+  ['1.x - 2.3.x', '>=1.0.0 <2.4.0-0'],
+  ['1.2 - 3', '>=1.2.0 <4.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3-beta.1 - 2.3.4', '>=1.2.3-beta.1 <=2.3.4'],
+  ['1.2.3 - 2.3.4-beta.1', '>=1.2.3 <=2.3.4-beta.1'],
+  ['1.2\t-\n2.3', '>=1.2.0 <2.4.0-0'],
+  // AND deduplication, empty OR branches, and null-set/loose-mode filtering.
+  ['>=1.2.3 >=1.2.3 <2.0.0 <2.0.0', '>=1.2.3 <2.0.0'],
+  ['* >=1.2.3 *', '>=1.2.3'],
+  ['>=1.2.3 <* <2.0.0', '<0.0.0-0'],
+  ['<* || >=1.2.3', '>=1.2.3'],
+  ['>=1.2.3 || >*', '>=1.2.3'],
+  [' || 1.2.3', '*'],
+  ['1.2.3 || ', '*'],
+  ['||||', '*'],
+  ['1.2.3 || invalid', null],
+  ['invalid || 1.2.3', null],
+  ['invalid || invalid', null],
+  ['>=1.2.3 invalid <2.0.0', null],
+  // Malformed versions, separators, and strict versus loose numeric identifiers.
+  ['1.2.3-01', null],
+  ['1.2.3-01alpha', '1.2.3-01alpha'],
+  ['1.2.3-0', '1.2.3-0'],
+  ['1.2.3+00', '1.2.3'],
+  ['1.2.3-', null],
+  ['1.2.3-alpha..1', null],
+  ['1.2.3-alpha_1', null],
+  ['1.2.3+', null],
+  ['1.2.3+build..1', null],
+  ['1.2.3.4', null],
+  ['1.', null],
+  ['1.2.', null],
+  ['1.2.3, <2.0.0', null],
+  ['1.2.3 | 2.0.0', null],
+  ['>=', null],
+  ['~', null],
+  ['^', null],
+  ['1.2.3 -', null],
+  ['- 2.0.0', null],
+  ['1.2.3-2.0.0', '1.2.3-2.0.0'],
+  ['~01.02.03', null],
+  ['^01.02.03', null],
+  ['>=01.02 <02', null],
+  // Numeric limits apply independently to each component and generated bound.
+  [`1.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0`, `1.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0`],
+  [`1.2.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`, `1.2.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`],
+  [`${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1}.0.0`, null],
+  [`1.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1}.0`, null],
+  [`1.2.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER + 1}`, null],
+  [`~1.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}.0`, null],
+  [`^0.0.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`, null],
+  [`>1.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`, null],
+  [`<=${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`, null],
+  [`1.2.3 - 1.2.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`, `>=1.2.3 <=1.2.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`],
+]
+
+// Only list results that differ from the default-options expectation.
+const looseOverrides = new Map([
+  ['== 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>v= 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['> +foo 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['1 +a +b = 2', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0 >=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3 +build = 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['= 01.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['> = 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['== 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['1.2.3-dev +build = 1.2.3-dev', '1.2.3-dev'],
+  ['1.2.3-dev== 1', '>=1.0.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3-dev= 1 || 2.0.0', '2.0.0'],
+  ['1.2.3-dev || 1.2.3-dev= x', '1.2.3-dev'],
+  ['1.2.3 || 1.2.3= x', '1.2.3'],
+  ['1.x.5 || 2.x', '>=2.0.0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['vvv1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['===1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['v=1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['>01.02.03', '>1.2.3'],
+  ['~1.2.3beta', '>=1.2.3-beta <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['>=09090', '>=9090.0.0'],
+  ['1.2.3 || invalid', '1.2.3'],
+  ['invalid || 1.2.3', '1.2.3'],
+  ['>=1.2.3 invalid <2.0.0', '>=1.2.3 <2.0.0'],
+  ['1.2.3-01', '1.2.3-1'],
+  ['1.2.3-', '1.2.3--'],
+  ['1.2.3, <2.0.0', '<2.0.0'],
+  ['1.2.3 | 2.0.0', '1.2.3 2.0.0'],
+  ['1.2.3 -', '1.2.3'],
+  ['- 2.0.0', '2.0.0'],
+  ['~01.02.03', '>=1.2.3 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['^01.02.03', '>=1.2.3 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=01.02 <02', '>=1.2.0 <2.0.0-0'],
+])
+
+// Tilde with includePrerelease must lower-bound at -0 just like the
+// equivalent x-range (e.g. ~1.2 is documented as the same as 1.2.x),
+// so that prereleases such as 1.2.0-rc match. See #512.
+// A fully-specified tilde keeps its exact lower bound (matches caret),
+// and an explicit prerelease is preserved as-is
+const prereleaseOverrides = new Map([
+  ['1.0.0 - 2.0.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.1-0'],
+  ['1 - 2', '>=1.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.0 - 2.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.1.0-0'],
+  ['1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~ +build 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~> +build 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^ +build 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>= 1.2 < 2', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~ 1.2 >= 1.2.3', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0 >=1.2.3'],
+  ['>= 1.x <= 2.X', '>=1.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['>= 1 +build < 2', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3 = 1.2.3 || >= 2 < 3', '1.2.3||>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3+build - 2.0.0+build', '>=1.2.3-0 <2.0.1-0'],
+  ['>= 2 < 1', '>=2.0.0-0 <1.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3-dev = 1', '1.2.3-dev >=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['2.x.x', '>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.x', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.x || 2.x', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0||>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['vvv1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>= vvv1', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['2.*.*', '>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.*', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.* || 2.*', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0||>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['2', '>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['2.3', '>=2.3.0-0 <2.4.0-0'],
+  ['~2.4', '>=2.4.0-0 <2.5.0-0'],
+  ['~1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~>1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~> 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <1.1.0-0'],
+  ['~ 1.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <1.1.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2.x', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['^ 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^0.1', '>=0.1.0-0 <0.2.0-0'],
+  ['^1.0', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.2', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['>= 1', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['^ 1.2 ^ 1', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.0.0-0 >=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2 - 3.4.5', '>=1.2.0-0 <3.4.6-0'],
+  ['1.2.3 - 3.4', '>=1.2.3-0 <3.5.0-0'],
+  ['1.2 - 3.4', '>=1.2.0-0 <3.5.0-0'],
+  ['>1', '>=2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.2', '>=1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build >2.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.x+build <2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build || 2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build.123 >2.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x+build <2.x.x+meta', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.x+build <=2.x.x+meta', '>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  [' 1.x.x+build   >2.x.x+build  ', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.2.x+build', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.2.x+build', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x.x+build.123', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x.x+build || ~2.x.x+meta', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['~1.x.x+build >2.x+meta', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0 >=3.0.0-0'],
+  ['^1.x+build.123 <2.x.x+meta-data', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x-alpha+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.x.x-alpha+build', '>=2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.x.x-alpha+build <2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x-alpha+build || 2.x.x+build', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0||>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['v1.0+' + 'a'.repeat(249) + 'x6', '>=1.0.0-0 <1.1.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3+' + 'a'.repeat(251) + ' - 2.0.0', '>=1.2.3-0 <2.0.1-0'],
+  ['1.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.X', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.*', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.X', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.X', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.*', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.x.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2.x', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2.X', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['=1.2.*', '>=1.2.0-0 <1.3.0-0'],
+  ['>1.x', '>=2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.X', '>=2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.*', '>=2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.x.x', '>=2.0.0-0'],
+  ['>1.2.x', '>=1.3.0-0'],
+  ['>1.2.X', '>=1.3.0-0'],
+  ['>1.2.*', '>=1.3.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.x', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.X', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.*', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.x.x', '>=1.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.2', '>=1.2.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.2.x', '>=1.2.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.2.X', '>=1.2.0-0'],
+  ['>=1.2.*', '>=1.2.0-0'],
+  ['>=0.0.0', '>=0.0.0'],
+  ['>=0.0.0-0', '*'],
+  ['^0.0.0', '>=0.0.0 <0.0.1-0'],
+  ['* - 2.3.4', '<2.3.5-0'],
+  ['1.2.3 - *', '>=1.2.3-0'],
+  ['1.x - 2.3.x', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.4.0-0'],
+  ['1.2 - 3', '>=1.2.0-0 <4.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3-beta.1 - 2.3.4', '>=1.2.3-beta.1 <2.3.5-0'],
+  ['1.2.3 - 2.3.4-beta.1', '>=1.2.3-0 <=2.3.4-beta.1'],
+  ['1.2\t-\n2.3', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.4.0-0'],
+  [`1.2.3 - 1.2.${MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}`, null],
+])
+
+// Inherit each option's changes, then override differences caused by combining them.
+const combinedOverrides = new Map([
+  ...looseOverrides,
+  ...prereleaseOverrides,
+  ['== 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1 +a +b = 2', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0 >=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.2.3-dev== 1', '>=1.0.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+  ['1.x.5 || 2.x', '>=2.0.0-0 <3.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=09090', '>=9090.0.0-0'],
+  ['>=01.02 <02', '>=1.2.0-0 <2.0.0-0'],
+])
+
+const optionVariants = [
+  [undefined, new Map()],
+  [{ loose: true }, looseOverrides],
+  [{ includePrerelease: true }, prereleaseOverrides],
+  [{ loose: true, includePrerelease: true }, combinedOverrides],
 ]
+
+module.exports = optionVariants.flatMap(([options, overrides]) =>
+  ranges.map(([range, expected]) => [
+    range,
+    overrides.has(range) ? overrides.get(range) : expected,
+    options,
+  ]))

From 42a61fe1fb2d9487ecd8e2c52564bf70edb09d22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: reggi <reggi@github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:17:52 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] fix: keep range fixtures compatible with Node 10

Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot-Session: e40646ba-5ae5-433c-abed-2cdf7f08793f
---
 test/fixtures/range-parse.js | 16 ++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/fixtures/range-parse.js b/test/fixtures/range-parse.js
index 1a01ff90..4e3891da 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/range-parse.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/range-parse.js
@@ -546,9 +546,13 @@ const optionVariants = [
   [{ loose: true, includePrerelease: true }, combinedOverrides],
 ]
 
-module.exports = optionVariants.flatMap(([options, overrides]) =>
-  ranges.map(([range, expected]) => [
-    range,
-    overrides.has(range) ? overrides.get(range) : expected,
-    options,
-  ]))
+module.exports = []
+for (const [options, overrides] of optionVariants) {
+  for (const [range, expected] of ranges) {
+    module.exports.push([
+      range,
+      overrides.has(range) ? overrides.get(range) : expected,
+      options,
+    ])
+  }
+}

From ea92bf59a81bee55e3fac6c4837ccbeec42fb6c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: reggi <reggi@github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:28:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] chore: reduce range fixture test overhead

Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot-Session: e40646ba-5ae5-433c-abed-2cdf7f08793f
---
 test/classes/range.js | 29 +++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/classes/range.js b/test/classes/range.js
index 7161516d..311a99ac 100644
--- a/test/classes/range.js
+++ b/test/classes/range.js
@@ -18,20 +18,21 @@ test('range tests', t => {
 })
 
 test('range parsing', t => {
-  t.plan(rangeParse.length)
-  rangeParse.forEach(([range, expect, options]) =>
-    t.test(`${range} ${expect} ${JSON.stringify(options)}`, t => {
-      if (expect === null) {
-        t.throws(() => new Range(range, options), TypeError, `invalid range: ${range}`)
-      } else {
-        const parsed = new Range(range, options)
-        t.equal(parsed.range || '*', expect, `${range} => ${expect}`)
-        t.equal(parsed.range,
-          new Range(expect, { includePrerelease: parsed.includePrerelease }).range,
-          'parsing both yields same result')
-      }
-      t.end()
-    }))
+  const assertions = rangeParse.reduce((count, [, expect]) =>
+    count + (expect === null ? 1 : 2), 0)
+  t.plan(assertions)
+  rangeParse.forEach(([range, expect, options]) => {
+    const description = `${range} ${JSON.stringify(options)}`
+    if (expect === null) {
+      t.throws(() => new Range(range, options), TypeError, `invalid range: ${description}`)
+    } else {
+      const parsed = new Range(range, options)
+      t.equal(parsed.range || '*', expect, `${description} => ${expect}`)
+      t.equal(parsed.range,
+        new Range(expect, { includePrerelease: parsed.includePrerelease }).range,
+        `parsing both yields same result: ${description}`)
+    }
+  })
 })
 
 test('range parsing covers every option combination', t => {