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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/modal-card-dark.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/modal-card-dark.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/modal-sheet-dark.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/modal-sheet-dark.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/searchbar-dark.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/searchbar-dark.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/select-modal-dark.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/select-modal-dark.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/toolbar-dark.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/toolbar-dark.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/toolbar.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/toolbar.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/vertical-bars-back-button-ltr.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/vertical-bars-back-button-ltr.png
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/vertical-bars-back-button-rtl.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/vertical-bars-back-button-rtl.png
index 9b5f4615..42f5626b 100644
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diff --git a/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/vertical-bars-toolbar-actions.png b/demo/e2e/screenshot.spec.ts-snapshots/vertical-bars-toolbar-actions.png
index aeaabbac..0886e70d 100644
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diff --git a/demo/src/app/index/pages/toolbar/toolbar.page.html b/demo/src/app/index/pages/toolbar/toolbar.page.html
index 910d0187..c5d623af 100644
--- a/demo/src/app/index/pages/toolbar/toolbar.page.html
+++ b/demo/src/app/index/pages/toolbar/toolbar.page.html
@@ -106,6 +106,85 @@ <h2>toolbar</h2>
     <ion-title>Menu Button</ion-title>
   </ion-toolbar>
 
+  <ion-list [inset]="true">
+    <ion-item-group>
+      <ion-item>
+        <ion-label>
+          <h2>Toolbar spacing</h2>
+          <p>Compare the outer inset and spacing between visible actions.</p>
+        </ion-label>
+      </ion-item>
+    </ion-item-group>
+  </ion-list>
+
+  @for (slot of ['start', 'end']; track slot) {
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slot }}: single group</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Save</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slot }}: two groups</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Save</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Edit</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slot }}: standalone button and group</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-button [slot]="slot" fill="clear">Save</ion-button>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Edit</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slot }}: hidden menu group and visible group</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-menu-button menu="toolbar-spacing-missing-menu"></ion-menu-button></ion-buttons>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Save</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slot }}: hidden child and visible child</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot">
+        <ion-menu-button menu="toolbar-spacing-missing-menu"></ion-menu-button>
+        <ion-button>Save</ion-button>
+      </ion-buttons>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Edit</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slot }}: empty group between visible groups</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Save</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"></ion-buttons>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slot"><ion-button>Edit</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+  }
+  @for (
+    slots of [
+      ['start', 'secondary'],
+      ['primary', 'end'],
+    ];
+    track slots[0]
+  ) {
+    <ion-item lines="none"
+      ><ion-label>{{ slots[0] }} / {{ slots[1] }}</ion-label></ion-item
+    >
+    <ion-toolbar>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slots[0]"><ion-button>Save</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+      <ion-buttons [slot]="slots[1]"><ion-button>Edit</ion-button></ion-buttons>
+    </ion-toolbar>
+  }
+
   <ion-toolbar>
     <ion-searchbar></ion-searchbar>
   </ion-toolbar>
diff --git a/src/styles/components/ion-button.scss b/src/styles/components/ion-button.scss
index 5a0cacfb..7de71e36 100644
--- a/src/styles/components/ion-button.scss
+++ b/src/styles/components/ion-button.scss
@@ -436,3 +436,50 @@ ion-button.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) {
 ion-back-button.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) {
   @include theme-button($is-back-button: true);
 }
+
+// Toolbar button typography and spacing follow system toolbar controls.
+ion-toolbar.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) {
+  ion-button.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled):not(.button-small, .button-large):not(
+      :where(ion-buttons.ios-theme-disabled *, ion-buttons.ios26-disabled *)
+    ) {
+    font-size: 1rem;
+    font-weight: 400;
+    // TODO(v2.0.0): Remove .back-button-has-icon-only; Ionic only adds it to ion-back-button.
+    &:not(.button-has-icon-only, .back-button-has-icon-only) {
+      --padding-start: 16px;
+      --padding-end: 16px;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ion-buttons.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled):has(ion-button ~ ion-button):not(
+      :has(
+        ion-back-button,
+        ion-button:not(.button-clear),
+        ion-menu-button,
+        .ios-theme-disabled,
+        .ios26-disabled,
+        .button-small,
+        .button-large
+      )
+    ) {
+    height: 44px;
+    padding-inline: 3.5px;
+    // SwiftUI toolbar items share glass with 16pt between their inner controls.
+    gap: 16px;
+
+    ion-button.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled).button-clear {
+      // Keep the action's hit area through the group's height, while the
+      // inner plain control follows the system's 36px visual layout.
+      height: 100%;
+      display: inline-flex;
+      align-items: center;
+      --padding-start: 7px;
+      --padding-end: 7px;
+      &::part(native) {
+        width: auto;
+        height: 36px;
+        min-height: 36px;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/styles/components/ion-toolbar.scss b/src/styles/components/ion-toolbar.scss
index 96576690..1a93a9c2 100644
--- a/src/styles/components/ion-toolbar.scss
+++ b/src/styles/components/ion-toolbar.scss
@@ -13,22 +13,27 @@ ion-header.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) ion-toolbar:not(.ios-th
 ion-modal.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled).modal-card,
 ion-modal.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled).modal-sheet {
   ion-header.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) ion-toolbar.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled):first-of-type {
-    padding-top: 0;
+    // The system's modal safe area places the 44px control 16px below the
+    // content edge, with or without a sheet drag indicator.
+    padding-top: 6px;
     padding-bottom: 0;
     --min-height: 64px;
-    --padding-start: 3px;
-    --padding-end: 3px;
   }
 }
 
 @media (min-width: 768px) and (min-height: 600px) {
-  ion-modal.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) {
+  ion-modal.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled):not(.modal-sheet) {
     ion-header.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) ion-toolbar.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled):first-of-type {
-      padding-top: 0;
+      // Center a 44px control at 10px, retaining the safe area in fullscreen modals.
+      padding-top: max(calc(var(--ion-safe-area-top, 0px) - 10px), 0px);
       padding-bottom: 0;
       --min-height: 64px;
-      --padding-start: 3px;
-      --padding-end: 3px;
+    }
+  }
+  // Ionic keeps the root safe area in card modals, including centered dialogs.
+  ion-modal.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled).modal-card {
+    ion-header.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) ion-toolbar.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled):first-of-type {
+      padding-top: 0;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -106,4 +111,54 @@ ion-toolbar.ios:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) {
   ion-buttons > ion-back-button {
     margin-inline: 0;
   }
+
+  // Keep the outer inset for individual actions too. Adjacent actions in the
+  // same slot share a 12px gap rather than adding two outer margins together.
+  > ion-button:not(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled) {
+    margin-inline: 12px;
+  }
+  // Rail sources leave toolbar layout; ordinary native projection retains it.
+  $visible: ':not([hidden], .ios-theme-native-ui-shell-prehidden, [data-native-ui-shell][data-native-ui-shell-vertical-bars], ion-menu-button.menu-button-hidden, ion-back-button:not(.show-back-button))';
+  $button: ':is(ion-button, ion-back-button)#{$visible}';
+  $group: 'ion-buttons#{$visible}';
+  $action: ':is(#{$button}, #{$group}:has(> #{$visible}))';
+  $optOut: ':is(.ios-theme-disabled, .ios26-disabled)';
+
+  > ion-buttons:not(:has(> #{$visible})) {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  @each $slot in start, end, primary, secondary {
+    // Keep standalone margins when the slot includes a visible opted-out action.
+    &:not(.toolbar-searchbar):not(:has(> #{$button}#{$optOut}[slot='#{$slot}'], > #{$group}#{$optOut}[slot='#{$slot}'] > #{$visible})) {
+      > #{$action}[slot='#{$slot}'] {
+        margin-inline: 6px;
+      }
+      > :nth-child(1 of #{$action}[slot='#{$slot}']) {
+        margin-inline-start: 12px;
+      }
+      > :nth-last-child(1 of #{$action}[slot='#{$slot}']) {
+        margin-inline-end: 12px;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Ionic orders these slots together, independently of their DOM order.
+  @each $first, $second in (start, secondary), (primary, end) {
+    &:not(.toolbar-searchbar):has(> #{$button}[slot='#{$first}'], > #{$group}[slot='#{$first}'] > #{$visible}):has(
+        > #{$button}[slot='#{$second}'],
+        > #{$group}[slot='#{$second}'] > #{$visible}
+      ):not(
+        :has(
+          > #{$button}#{$optOut}:is([slot='#{$first}'], [slot='#{$second}']),
+          > #{$group}#{$optOut}:is([slot='#{$first}'], [slot='#{$second}']) > #{$visible}
+        )
+      ) {
+      > :nth-last-child(1 of #{$action}[slot='#{$first}']) {
+        margin-inline-end: 6px;
+      }
+      > :nth-child(1 of #{$action}[slot='#{$second}']) {
+        margin-inline-start: 6px;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }