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src/reference-manual/transforms.qmd

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@@ -33,19 +33,20 @@ However, observed behavior can be different from the exact arithmetic.
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Stan’s arithmetic is implemented using double-precision
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floating-point numbers, which may cause computation to behave
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differently than mathematics. For example, the lower bound constraint
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is defined with a logarithm constraint which mathematically excludes
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is defined above by an exponential inverse transform which mathematically excludes
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the lower bound, but if the closest floating-point number for the
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inverse transformed value is the boundary, then the value is
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rounded to the boundary. This may cause unexpected warnings or
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errors, if in other parts of the code the boundary value is
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invalid. For example, we may observe floating-point value 0 for
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a variance parameter that has been declared to be larger than 0.
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a variance parameter that has been declared with `lower=0`.
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In general, double-precision floating-point numbers cannot reliably store
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more than 16 digits of a number in decimal.
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See more about [Floating point Arithmetic in Stan user's guide](../stan-users-guide/floating-point.qmd).
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See more about [floating point arithmetic](../stan-users-guide/floating-point.qmd)
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in the *Stan User's Guide*.
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These issues can be exacerbated by the fact that CmdStan stores the output to
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CSV files with 8 digits accuracy by default. More digits can be requested by the user
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These issues are exacerbated by the fact that CmdStan stores the output to
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CSV files with 8 digits precision by default. More digits can be requested by the user
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at the cost of additional disk usage, as discussed in the
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[CmdStan Command-Line Interface Overview](../cmdstan-guide/command_line_options.qmd).
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