Date claims before the Unix epoch are rounded toward zero

[znnnnnnn-wil]

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Description

Date claims before the Unix epoch are converted to seconds using integer division, which truncates toward zero. This makes a Date and an Instant representing the same point in time serialize to different NumericDate values.

For example, new Date(-500) is half a second before the epoch. Its whole epoch second is -1, which is also returned by date.toInstant().getEpochSecond(). However, the Date serializer currently writes 0 because -500 / 1000 == 0 in Java.

Expected: equivalent Date and Instant values serialize to the same epoch second (-1).

Actual: the Date serializes to 0, while the equivalent Instant serializes to -1.

Reproduction

Date date = new Date(-500);
Instant instant = date.toInstant();

String token = JWT.create()
    .withClaim("date", date)
    .withClaim("instant", instant)
    .sign(Algorithm.none());

DecodedJWT decoded = JWT.decode(token);
System.out.println(decoded.getClaim("date").asLong());    // 0
System.out.println(decoded.getClaim("instant").asLong()); // -1

The inconsistency originates in ClaimsSerializer.dateToSeconds, which uses date.getTime() / 1000, while the Instant path uses Instant.getEpochSecond().

Additional context

Using floor division for millisecond-to-second conversion would make the Date path consistent with Instant for negative timestamps while leaving non-negative timestamps unchanged.

java-jwt version

4.6.1 (master at 29f252b)

Java version

Java 17.0.14

AI assistance disclosure: Codex assisted with identifying and structuring this report. The reproduction and analysis were reviewed and verified before submission.