Python by Example

A practical, example-driven Python repository designed to help you learn Python from fundamentals to advanced concepts through clear, runnable code.

Website: python-by-example-web

Each file is self-contained and focuses on a single concept, making the repository suitable for structured learning, revision, or reference.

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Table of Contents

• Overview
• Topics Covered
• Getting Started
• Prerequisites
• File Structure
• Learning Path
• Projects
• Contributing

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Overview

This repository contains a complete Python tutorial designed for both beginners and experienced developers looking to refresh their knowledge. Each topic is organized in separate folders with practical, runnable examples.

Key Features:

• ✅ Self-contained files — Each file can be run independently
• ✅ Comprehensive comments — Detailed explanations for every concept
• ✅ Practical examples — Real-world use cases and patterns
• ✅ Progressive difficulty — From basics to advanced topics

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Topics Covered

01. Basics

File	Topic	Description
01_print.py	Print Function	Output, formatting, f-strings, escape characters
02_comments.py	Comments	Single-line, multi-line, docstrings, best practices
03_variables.py	Variables	Assignment, naming conventions, multiple assignment
04_data_types.py	Data Types	Numbers, strings, booleans, type conversion

02. Control Flow

File	Topic	Description
01_if_else.py	If/Else	Conditionals, comparison operators, logical operators
02_elif.py	Elif	Multiple conditions, grading systems, ranges
03_match_case.py	Match/Case	Pattern matching (Python 3.10+), guards, unpacking

03. Loops

File	Topic	Description
01_for_loop.py	For Loops	Iteration, range(), enumerate(), zip()
02_while_loop.py	While Loops	Counters, sentinels, infinite loops
03_break_continue.py	Loop Control	break, continue, pass, for-else

04. Data Structures

File	Topic	Description
01_lists.py	Lists	Indexing, slicing, methods, comprehensions
02_tuples.py	Tuples	Immutability, unpacking, named tuples
03_sets.py	Sets	Operations, frozen sets, practical uses
04_dictionaries.py	Dictionaries	Methods, nesting, comprehensions

05. Functions

File	Topic	Description
01_function_basics.py	Function Basics	Defining functions, scope, docstrings
02_arguments.py	Arguments	Positional, keyword, *args, **kwargs, type hints
03_return_values.py	Return Values	Multiple returns, early returns, generators
04_lambda_functions.py	Lambda	Anonymous functions, map, filter, reduce

06. Modules & Packages

File	Topic	Description
01_imports.py	Imports	Import patterns, standard library, organization
02_custom_modules.py	Custom Modules	Creating modules, packages, __init__.py

07. Error Handling

File	Topic	Description
01_try_except.py	Try/Except	Exception handling, else, finally
02_custom_exceptions.py	Custom Exceptions	Creating exceptions, hierarchy, best practices

08. Object-Oriented Programming

File	Topic	Description
01_classes_objects.py	Classes & Objects	Attributes, methods, self
02_init_methods.py	Init & Methods	Constructors, properties, classmethods
03_inheritance.py	Inheritance	Single/multiple inheritance, super(), MRO
04_polymorphism.py	Polymorphism	Duck typing, operator overloading, protocols

09. Advanced Python

File	Topic	Description
01_list_comprehensions.py	Comprehensions	List, dict, set comprehensions
02_generators.py	Generators	Yield, iterators, memory efficiency
03_decorators.py	Decorators	Simple/parameterized decorators, functools
04_context_managers.py	Context Managers	with statement, __enter__/__exit__, contextlib

10. Best Practices

File	Topic	Description
01_pep8.py	PEP 8	Python style guide, naming, formatting
02_type_hinting.py	Type Hinting	Type annotations, typing module, generics
03_virtual_envs.py	Virtual Environments	venv, pip, requirements.txt

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Getting Started

Follow these steps to clone the repository and set it up in your local editor:

1. Clone the repository Open your terminal and run:

   git clone https://github.com/blshaer/python-by-example.git
   cd python-by-example

2. Set up a Virtual Environment (Recommended) It's best practice to keep your projects isolated. Run these commands:

   python -m venv venv
   # On Windows:
   .\venv\Scripts\activate
   # On macOS/Linux:
   source venv/bin/activate

3. Install Dependencies Install the necessary tools for testing and formatting:

   pip install -r requirements.txt

4. Open in your code editor We recommend Visual Studio Code. Open the project directly:

   code .

5. Explore and Run Navigate to any example, like 01_basics, and run the file:

   cd 01_basics
   python 01_print.py

6. Read the comments — Detailed explanations are provided inline for every concept!

7. Try the Tests — pytest discovers files named test_*.py:

   pytest

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Prerequisites

Requirement	Version	Notes
Python	3.10+	Minimum (match/case, list[str] / dict[str, int] syntax)

# Check your Python version
python --version

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File Structure

Each Python file follows a consistent structure:

"""
================================================================================
File: filename.py
Topic: Topic Name
================================================================================

Description of what the file covers...

Key Concepts:
- Concept 1
- Concept 2
- ...

================================================================================
"""

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Section 1: Basic Example
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ... code with inline comments ...

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Section 2: Advanced Example
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ... more code ...

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Learning Path

🌱 Beginner	📈 Intermediate	🚀 Advanced	💼 Professional
Basics Control Flow Loops	Data Structures Functions Modules	Error Handling OOP Advanced Python	Best Practices Testing

 Recommended Flow:
Beginner     →  01_basics → 02_control_flow → 03_loops
Intermediate →  04_data_structures → 05_functions → 06_modules
Advanced     →  07_error_handling → 08_oop → 09_advanced
Professional →  10_best_practices → 11_testing

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Projects

Put your skills to the test! Each project includes a challenge description (README.md) so you can try building it yourself before looking at the solution.

#	Project	Difficulty	Concepts Applied
01	Number Guessing Game	🟢 Beginner	Loops, Conditionals, Random module
02	Expense Tracker	🟡 Intermediate	Dicts, File I/O (JSON), Functions
03	Library Management System	🟠 Advanced	OOP, Inheritance, Custom Exceptions
04	Real-time Weather CLI	🚀 Professional	API Requests, Decorators, Type Hints

💡 Tip: Read the project README.md first and try to build it on your own before looking at solution.py!

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Progress Tracker

Use this checklist to track your learning progress:

• 01. Basics — Print, Comments, Variables, Data Types
• 02. Control Flow — If/Else, Elif, Match/Case
• 03. Loops — For, While, Break/Continue
• 04. Data Structures — Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries
• 05. Functions — Basics, Arguments, Returns, Lambda
• 06. Modules & Packages — Imports, Custom Modules
• 07. Error Handling — Try/Except, Custom Exceptions
• 08. OOP — Classes, Init, Inheritance, Polymorphism
• 09. Advanced Python — Comprehensions, Generators, Decorators
• 10. Best Practices — PEP8, Type Hints, Virtual Environments
• 11. Testing — Unit Tests, Pytest, Assertions

🏗️ Projects

• Project 01 — Number Guessing Game (Beginner)
• Project 02 — Expense Tracker (Intermediate)
• Project 03 — Library Management System (Advanced)
• Project 04 — Real-time Weather CLI (Professional)

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Contributing

Bug reports and new examples are welcome. See CONTRIBUTING.md for setup, style, and testing guidelines.

GitHub Actions runs compileall and pytest on Python 3.10–3.12 for every push and pull request.

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Happy Learning!

Made with ❤️ by Baraa