Benchmark prs

[jprendes]

No description provided.

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.81x slower* → 🚀 **2.41x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.91 ms (❌ 1.81x slower)	10.23 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.92 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	70.81 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	12.77 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	20.73 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	65.39 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	11.50 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)
default	23.58 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	62.36 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	12.91 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				9.82 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)	22.93 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
large	24.52 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	89.47 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	12.97 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	596.90 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.33 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)	21.02 µs (🚀 1.86x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.23 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	27.82 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	29.26 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)	39.64 ms (🚀 1.98x faster)
medium	8.62 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	9.84 ms (🚀 1.97x faster)	9.12 ms (🚀 1.97x faster)	24.22 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)
small	2.18 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	5.11 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.43 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)	18.61 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)
default	403.76 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	2.59 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)	449.76 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	18.50 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.72 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	3.03 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)	4.48 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)
1MB	40.44 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	28.08 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	38.55 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.56 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	28.75 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
large	36.68 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	100.35 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
small	10.73 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	2.93 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)
default	9.83 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	302.77 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.41x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.81x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.88x slower* → 🚀 **7.91x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.01 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	10.82 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	39.32 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	43.21 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	20.59 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
small	39.81 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	37.25 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	20.58 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
default	36.34 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	36.97 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	21.09 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
				10.90 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	14.60 µs (🚀 1.85x faster)
large	37.04 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	80.05 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	19.39 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	653.71 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	34.89 µs (🚀 3.07x faster)	34.42 µs (🚀 3.24x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	66.06 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	70.78 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)	68.71 ms (🚀 2.24x faster)	80.86 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)
medium	18.34 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	20.73 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	18.33 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)	36.35 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.30 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)	4.28 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.39 ms (✅ 1.53x faster)	21.46 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)
default	408.44 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	2.19 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	416.68 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	21.34 ms (❌ 1.88x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	6.08 ms (🚀 1.85x faster)	3.03 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	4.73 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)
1MB	49.10 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	29.03 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	44.40 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.95 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	44.43 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)
large	67.05 µs (🚀 7.91x faster)	173.59 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)
small	11.79 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.71 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
default	11.17 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	301.70 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 7.91x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.88x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.19x slower* → 🚀 **2.85x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	12.21 ms (❌ 1.77x slower)	8.42 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	67.83 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	154.02 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	39.15 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)
small	69.99 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	154.02 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	41.88 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)
large	61.27 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	213.11 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	39.94 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
				54.00 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)	45.40 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
medium	69.47 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	173.44 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	43.01 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	86.23 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	63.91 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	60.65 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	94.72 ms (❌ 1.52x slower)	10.57 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	10.34 ms (🚀 2.49x faster)	12.61 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)
small	91.72 ms (❌ 2.19x slower)	2.38 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	2.19 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)	3.90 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)
large	184.48 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	33.93 ms (🚀 2.85x faster)	33.59 ms (🚀 2.81x faster)	39.90 ms (🚀 2.58x faster)
default	48.76 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)	516.20 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	463.74 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	1.40 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.30 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	5.18 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	4.11 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)
1MB	42.62 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.48 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.49 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	82.36 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	358.92 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	1.80 ms (🚀 1.86x faster)	196.62 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
medium	94.28 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	47.91 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)
small	85.34 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	2.78 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — 🚀 2.85x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/small — ❌ 2.19x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.56x slower* → 🚀 **1.89x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.56 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	11.73 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)

guest_calls

	different_thread	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	call	call_with_host_function
	87.77 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)		70.06 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)
medium		264.19 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)		78.33 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	120.92 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
default		245.26 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		79.13 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	121.14 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)
small		251.80 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)		79.76 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	124.74 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)
large		348.65 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)		80.72 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	115.04 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	113.56 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	98.22 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	93.62 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
large	230.76 ms (❌ 1.49x slower)	63.71 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	63.13 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	70.62 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
small	59.00 ms (❌ 1.40x slower)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.76x faster)	2.31 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	5.07 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)
medium	80.48 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)	17.28 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	17.35 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	20.46 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)
default	51.96 ms (❌ 1.56x slower)	386.46 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	355.91 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	1.52 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_to_slice	copy_from_slice	fill
1MB	41.58 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	70.21 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	34.91 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)
64MB	8.69 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	11.42 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	7.51 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
medium	42.42 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	182.54 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)
default	358.88 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	160.07 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	4.11 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	157.98 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
large	165.26 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)	1.80 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 1.89x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.56x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *4.96x slower* → ✅ **1.42x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	11.54 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	12.55 ms (❌ 1.46x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	54.08 µs (❌ 1.42x slower)	92.17 µs (❌ 1.37x slower)	208.67 µs (❌ 1.64x slower)
large	59.01 µs (❌ 1.46x slower)	120.51 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)	445.99 µs (❌ 1.79x slower)
medium	54.22 µs (❌ 1.42x slower)	107.02 µs (❌ 1.60x slower)	276.33 µs (❌ 1.68x slower)
small	53.11 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)	108.09 µs (❌ 1.71x slower)	206.86 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)
				84.65 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	148.91 µs (❌ 4.96x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.92 s (❌ 1.49x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	94.42 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)	90.34 µs (❌ 1.35x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	7.06 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)	6.89 ms (❌ 1.62x slower)	1.68 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)	1.90 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)
large	288.00 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	239.45 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)	393.73 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	315.94 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)
medium	96.81 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	88.33 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	78.66 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	61.84 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
small	19.84 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	13.62 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	10.73 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	8.73 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	52.17 µs (❌ 1.22x slower)	53.45 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	43.71 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	10.77 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)	13.19 ms (❌ 1.40x slower)	6.89 ms (❌ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	975.92 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)	126.94 µs (❌ 1.68x slower)
large	423.02 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	65.22 ms (❌ 1.67x slower)
medium	89.67 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	1.12 ms (❌ 4.23x slower)
small	11.11 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	136.47 µs (❌ 1.99x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/medium — ✅ 1.42x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 4.96x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *6.68x slower* → ✅ **1.31x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	15.57 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	12.67 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	87.22 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	123.51 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	260.67 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
large	82.18 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	135.39 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	790.72 µs (❌ 1.51x slower)
medium	82.22 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	122.83 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	351.26 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)
small	85.73 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	123.63 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	262.66 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
				101.76 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	161.41 µs (❌ 2.44x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.71 s (❌ 1.22x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	105.93 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	107.90 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.05 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	6.77 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)	1.34 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)
large	398.19 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	313.32 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	399.59 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	292.09 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
medium	104.07 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	81.05 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	100.29 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	75.12 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
small	21.06 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	16.71 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	14.14 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)	12.65 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	69.43 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	71.10 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	35.20 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	14.48 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	19.65 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)	10.98 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	759.73 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	151.57 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
large	428.73 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	76.93 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)
medium	110.64 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	6.02 ms (❌ 6.68x slower)
small	14.38 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	169.71 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.31x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 6.68x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.92x slower* → 🚀 **2.44x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	8.39 ms (❌ 1.92x slower)	8.17 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.61 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	70.44 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	12.76 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	20.75 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	65.94 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	11.44 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
default	24.01 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	61.98 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	12.75 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
				9.69 ms (❌ 1.46x slower)	25.97 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	24.42 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	89.09 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	12.94 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	598.13 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	20.93 µs (🚀 1.81x faster)	22.34 µs (✅ 1.72x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.89 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)	27.47 ms (🚀 2.44x faster)	29.09 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	38.79 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)
medium	8.75 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	9.90 ms (🚀 1.96x faster)	9.02 ms (🚀 1.99x faster)	24.61 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)
small	2.28 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)	3.66 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	2.32 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)	19.58 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)
default	403.02 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	1.86 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	445.02 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	18.91 ms (❌ 1.63x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.70 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	2.96 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	5.50 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)
1MB	40.14 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	28.00 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	41.95 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.99 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	30.21 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
large	36.55 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)	98.60 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
small	11.40 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	2.88 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
default	9.43 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	305.87 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.44x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.92x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.70x slower* → 🚀 **5.39x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.15 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	9.96 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	38.21 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	39.63 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	19.73 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
small	34.55 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	35.37 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	19.86 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
default	38.21 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	35.90 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	19.70 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
				10.29 ms (❌ 1.55x slower)	15.21 µs (✅ 1.78x faster)
large	38.51 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	75.44 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	18.43 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	638.15 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	30.93 µs (🚀 3.40x faster)	31.88 µs (🚀 3.47x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	75.42 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	78.01 ms (🚀 2.00x faster)	74.83 ms (🚀 2.06x faster)	91.67 ms (🚀 1.84x faster)
medium	19.55 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)	22.36 ms (🚀 1.92x faster)	19.71 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)	35.27 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
small	2.21 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	4.23 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	2.41 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	20.69 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)
default	376.93 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	2.05 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	407.56 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	19.27 ms (❌ 1.70x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	6.08 ms (🚀 1.85x faster)	3.39 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	4.56 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
1MB	47.28 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	27.83 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	44.24 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.12 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	47.89 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
large	66.00 µs (🚀 5.39x faster)	193.81 ms (✅ 1.53x faster)
small	11.61 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.72 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
default	10.68 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	299.04 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 5.39x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.70x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.98x slower* → 🚀 **2.60x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.03 ms (❌ 1.89x slower)	9.02 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	68.32 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	133.63 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)	39.51 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)
small	66.41 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	150.98 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	44.17 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
large	70.43 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	208.55 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	40.19 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
				57.63 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	44.31 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
medium	70.11 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	160.10 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	42.22 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	86.99 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	57.44 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	61.58 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	106.92 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)	11.47 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	11.05 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	13.89 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)
small	82.80 ms (❌ 1.98x slower)	2.42 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	2.17 ms (✅ 1.79x faster)	4.42 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)
large	198.04 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)	37.85 ms (🚀 2.56x faster)	36.37 ms (🚀 2.60x faster)	43.58 ms (🚀 2.36x faster)
default	49.51 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)	497.14 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	459.41 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	1.59 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.35 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	5.42 ms (❌ 1.11x slower)	4.38 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)
1MB	42.31 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	43.13 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.46 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	82.39 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	357.16 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
large	1.62 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	195.13 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)
medium	98.24 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	48.58 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)
small	87.38 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.90 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.60x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/small — ❌ 1.98x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *2.33x slower* → 🚀 **1.94x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.40 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	11.87 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_restore	call_with_host_function	interrupt_latency	different_thread
small	79.07 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	243.84 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	115.85 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
large	70.91 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)	331.88 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	106.94 µs (✅ 1.65x faster)
medium	77.63 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	236.32 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	113.70 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)
default	76.25 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)	240.87 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	118.87 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)
				61.04 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	82.67 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	114.29 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	92.98 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	94.16 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized
medium	16.69 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	17.05 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)	147.48 ms (❌ 2.33x slower)	20.09 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
default	362.39 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	371.26 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)	49.84 ms (❌ 1.50x slower)	1.46 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)
large	61.97 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	63.88 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	224.00 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)	69.87 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)
small	2.24 ms (🚀 1.94x faster)	2.90 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)	97.52 ms (❌ 2.31x slower)	5.08 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice
64MB	7.40 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	11.69 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	8.95 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
1MB	33.44 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	63.75 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	41.50 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	162.87 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	1.74 ms (✅ 1.50x faster)
default	354.95 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	153.93 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
small	4.39 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	158.39 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	41.74 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	169.35 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 1.94x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — ❌ 2.33x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *8.66x slower* → ✅ **1.11x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.63 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	12.67 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	48.65 µs (❌ 1.27x slower)	78.79 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	174.66 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)
large	53.10 µs (❌ 1.29x slower)	93.00 µs (❌ 1.43x slower)	461.88 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)
medium	51.24 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)	96.78 µs (❌ 1.44x slower)	229.54 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)
small	50.33 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	78.57 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)	187.71 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)
				78.47 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	153.79 µs (❌ 5.12x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.74 s (❌ 1.44x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	98.65 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)	82.02 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.24 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	6.29 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)	1.39 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)	1.50 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)
large	405.55 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)	320.54 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	388.69 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	311.94 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)
medium	104.65 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	107.36 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	95.10 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	79.46 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)
small	20.52 ms (❌ 1.32x slower)	17.29 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	13.25 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	15.18 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	50.56 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)	51.72 µs (❌ 1.15x slower)	44.61 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
64MB	18.59 ms (❌ 2.23x slower)	18.27 ms (❌ 1.93x slower)	12.48 ms (❌ 2.02x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	872.32 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	101.89 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)
large	446.46 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	59.04 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)
medium	120.42 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)	2.29 ms (❌ 8.66x slower)
small	15.43 ms (❌ 1.36x slower)	115.82 µs (❌ 1.74x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — ✅ 1.11x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 8.66x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *3.32x slower* → ✅ **1.24x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	16.46 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	13.95 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	77.41 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	130.89 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	234.50 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)
large	89.57 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	127.20 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)	784.62 µs (❌ 1.38x slower)
medium	79.85 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	139.73 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	353.80 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)
small	79.49 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	134.30 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	254.65 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
				100.42 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	148.20 µs (❌ 2.24x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.71 s (✅ 1.01x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.65 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	97.15 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	7.45 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	6.10 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	1.60 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	1.42 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	383.32 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	320.47 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	408.89 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	301.74 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)
medium	111.60 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	84.30 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	97.63 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	73.95 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)
small	20.50 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	17.24 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	14.45 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	10.59 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	70.83 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	82.24 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	37.47 µs (❌ 1.15x slower)
64MB	14.75 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	17.81 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	11.50 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	810.67 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	134.78 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)
large	433.71 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	83.49 ms (❌ 1.45x slower)
medium	112.00 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	2.99 ms (❌ 3.32x slower)
small	14.84 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	161.35 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.24x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 3.32x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.35x slower* → 🚀 **2.81x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.90 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)	8.19 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	20.06 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	71.45 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	11.13 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
small	20.14 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	66.22 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	11.11 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
default	20.00 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	58.34 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	11.11 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
				6.52 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	19.78 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
large	19.95 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	93.99 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	11.19 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	551.76 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	20.58 µs (🚀 1.85x faster)	20.56 µs (🚀 1.90x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	23.19 ms (🚀 2.81x faster)	25.36 ms (🚀 2.65x faster)	24.11 ms (🚀 2.74x faster)	35.71 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)
medium	7.12 ms (🚀 2.48x faster)	8.95 ms (🚀 2.17x faster)	7.40 ms (🚀 2.43x faster)	21.53 ms (✅ 1.43x faster)
small	1.85 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)	3.49 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)	2.01 ms (✅ 1.78x faster)	15.31 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)
default	383.66 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	1.74 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	417.82 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	11.96 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.35 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	2.04 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	4.02 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)
1MB	38.23 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	27.21 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	37.69 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.48 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	25.89 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)
large	34.91 µs (✅ 1.56x faster)	90.74 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)
small	10.97 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	2.26 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
default	9.80 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	296.38 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.81x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.35x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.01x slower** → 🚀 **13.07x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.47 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	7.61 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	29.33 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	33.79 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	15.54 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
small	29.32 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	30.87 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	15.58 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)
default	29.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	30.38 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	15.57 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)
				6.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	11.20 µs (🚀 2.42x faster)
large	29.45 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	65.78 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	15.61 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	528.62 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	26.28 µs (🚀 4.03x faster)	25.96 µs (🚀 4.28x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	64.31 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	66.21 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	64.80 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	75.66 ms (🚀 2.23x faster)
medium	17.28 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	18.74 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	17.29 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	28.43 ms (🚀 1.93x faster)
small	1.95 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)	3.25 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	2.01 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)	15.18 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)
default	331.08 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	1.50 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	347.13 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	11.37 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.74 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	2.42 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)	4.49 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)
1MB	41.08 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	23.29 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	36.86 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	12.85 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	35.72 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)
large	48.03 µs (🚀 13.07x faster)	156.85 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)
small	9.79 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)
default	9.45 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	249.93 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 13.07x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/different_thread — ✅ 1.01x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.44x slower* → 🚀 **4.04x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	9.95 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)	6.35 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	60.31 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	147.41 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	37.31 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
small	61.61 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	151.95 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	38.50 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)
large	62.69 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)	192.72 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	39.34 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
				49.18 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	28.82 µs (✅ 1.72x faster)
medium	60.96 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)	145.43 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	38.81 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	72.93 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	57.69 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	55.85 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	45.18 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	9.73 ms (🚀 2.67x faster)	9.32 ms (🚀 2.76x faster)	12.18 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)
small	34.58 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	1.89 ms (🚀 2.16x faster)	1.72 ms (🚀 2.26x faster)	3.42 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)
large	79.60 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)	32.97 ms (🚀 2.94x faster)	31.04 ms (🚀 3.04x faster)	39.63 ms (🚀 2.60x faster)
default	32.80 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	481.81 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	429.09 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)	1.33 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.57 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	4.63 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	3.62 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)
1MB	41.82 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	42.38 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.27 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	83.88 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	346.24 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)
large	826.97 µs (🚀 4.04x faster)	187.03 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)
medium	93.99 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	46.82 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)
small	79.33 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	2.32 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 4.04x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.44x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.10x slower** → 🚀 **2.89x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.83 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	14.05 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)

guest_calls

	call	interrupt_latency	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread
medium	69.83 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)		107.20 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)	237.39 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)
small	71.00 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)		107.27 µs (✅ 1.61x faster)	225.84 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)
		55.03 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)			80.02 µs (✅ 1.58x faster)
large	70.38 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)		107.95 µs (✅ 1.61x faster)	327.05 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
default	70.04 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)		107.20 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)	224.42 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	106.14 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	87.54 µs (✅ 1.64x faster)	85.27 µs (✅ 1.69x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized
large	60.02 ms (✅ 1.78x faster)	111.56 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	62.53 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	69.05 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)
default	349.77 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	33.82 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	377.95 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	1.51 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)
medium	16.43 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)	57.32 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	16.97 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	20.23 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
small	2.16 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	41.98 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	2.12 ms (🚀 2.12x faster)	4.86 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	61.08 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	34.88 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	41.03 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
64MB	11.74 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	7.98 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	9.26 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	339.63 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	144.19 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
large	153.22 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	903.32 µs (🚀 2.89x faster)
small	3.63 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	142.47 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
medium	40.15 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	162.57 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.89x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/fill/64MB — ✅ 1.10x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *3.62x slower* → 🚀 **1.82x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	9.19 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	7.91 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	38.51 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	63.37 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	141.63 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
large	39.78 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	62.74 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	300.59 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	39.50 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	62.15 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	165.90 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
small	39.00 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	63.98 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	144.40 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
				63.48 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	108.89 µs (❌ 3.62x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	2.98 s (✅ 1.11x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	67.32 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	61.18 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	5.16 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	4.19 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	1.02 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	989.19 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)
large	239.42 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	201.44 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)	224.50 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	190.91 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)
medium	63.48 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	54.11 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	55.86 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	49.09 ms (✅ 1.79x faster)
small	12.62 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	10.71 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	7.59 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	6.88 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.30 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	42.67 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	41.57 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
64MB	6.72 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)	7.43 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)	5.00 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	525.56 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	73.14 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
large	271.12 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	41.58 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	66.81 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	155.78 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)
small	8.64 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	78.36 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 1.82x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 3.62x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *1.99x slower* → ✅ **1.38x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.60 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	12.15 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	71.97 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	110.09 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	233.45 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)
large	73.38 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	108.98 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	601.14 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
medium	73.88 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	111.89 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	298.61 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)
small	73.33 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	111.44 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	242.53 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)
				81.58 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	131.74 µs (❌ 1.99x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.63 s (✅ 1.01x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	94.07 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	96.45 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	6.64 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	5.28 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	1.04 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	948.10 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	326.60 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	278.10 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	310.56 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	266.70 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)
medium	87.36 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	74.84 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	77.91 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	67.74 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
small	17.35 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	14.80 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	10.65 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)	9.35 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	77.10 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	79.39 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	33.01 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
64MB	13.60 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	15.70 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	8.08 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	737.04 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	142.60 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)
large	407.01 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	54.53 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
medium	101.35 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	357.11 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)
small	12.83 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	150.51 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.38x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 1.99x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.81x slower* → 🚀 **2.37x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.93 ms (❌ 1.81x slower)	10.43 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	21.59 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	69.42 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	11.57 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
small	23.91 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	67.10 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	12.89 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
default	24.36 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	62.67 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	12.78 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				9.62 ms (❌ 1.45x slower)	33.57 µs (❌ 1.65x slower)
large	23.89 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	89.99 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	13.09 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	597.95 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.52 µs (✅ 1.69x faster)	22.90 µs (✅ 1.72x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.14 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	28.28 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	30.18 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)	37.66 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)
medium	8.55 ms (🚀 2.06x faster)	11.12 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	9.32 ms (🚀 1.93x faster)	23.24 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)
small	2.16 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	3.61 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	2.32 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)	19.03 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)
default	400.10 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	1.87 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	443.99 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	17.38 ms (❌ 1.50x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.67 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	2.73 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	5.03 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)
1MB	39.93 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	28.23 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	39.70 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	14.61 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	25.58 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)
large	35.94 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	102.18 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)
small	10.49 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	2.52 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)
default	9.67 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	306.56 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.37x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.81x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.92x slower* → 🚀 **8.06x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	6.42 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	9.33 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	37.56 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.31 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	19.60 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
small	34.30 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	35.21 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	19.57 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)
default	37.20 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	36.61 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	19.70 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				12.68 ms (❌ 1.91x slower)	13.16 µs (🚀 2.06x faster)
large	37.43 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	77.42 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	18.11 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	605.29 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	30.42 µs (🚀 3.47x faster)	31.59 µs (🚀 3.47x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	65.80 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	71.09 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)	67.25 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	80.61 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)
medium	17.75 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	20.09 ms (🚀 2.14x faster)	17.92 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)	36.43 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.12 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	3.73 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)	2.20 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	22.32 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)
default	377.60 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.05 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	396.91 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	21.69 ms (❌ 1.92x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	5.24 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	2.83 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	4.24 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)
1MB	47.60 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	26.31 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	41.96 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	14.96 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	42.56 ms (✅ 1.76x faster)
large	63.89 µs (🚀 8.06x faster)	163.46 ms (🚀 1.81x faster)
small	11.27 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	2.55 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
default	10.92 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	290.35 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 8.06x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.92x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.29x slower* → 🚀 **2.72x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	11.64 ms (❌ 1.68x slower)	8.25 ms (❌ 1.56x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	69.47 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	154.59 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	39.35 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)
small	75.77 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	163.98 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	44.49 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
large	63.26 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	222.78 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	40.02 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)
				61.24 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)	49.93 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
medium	73.45 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	172.60 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	42.74 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	85.20 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	62.98 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	60.67 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	96.00 ms (❌ 1.54x slower)	11.15 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	10.75 ms (🚀 2.39x faster)	12.93 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)
small	96.04 ms (❌ 2.29x slower)	2.80 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	2.64 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)	4.24 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)
large	177.32 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	35.57 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)	34.82 ms (🚀 2.71x faster)	40.96 ms (🚀 2.51x faster)
default	49.08 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	518.24 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	472.07 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	1.57 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.73 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	5.29 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	4.00 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)
1MB	42.88 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.61 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.46 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	83.89 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	364.26 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)
large	1.62 ms (🚀 2.06x faster)	192.74 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)
medium	102.21 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	48.79 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)
small	86.94 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	3.08 ms (✅ 1.43x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — 🚀 2.72x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/small — ❌ 2.29x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *2.15x slower* → ✅ **1.70x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	11.58 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	14.01 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	different_thread	call	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency
medium	115.75 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)		76.45 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	261.89 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
		87.15 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)			56.25 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)
default	119.01 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)		76.75 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	242.38 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
large	109.07 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)		77.11 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	349.08 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
small	120.36 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)		74.63 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	245.22 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	109.76 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	95.61 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	94.32 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop
small	58.56 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	4.82 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	2.93 ms (✅ 1.53x faster)
medium	136.36 ms (❌ 2.15x slower)	19.88 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	17.29 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	17.38 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)
large	248.72 ms (❌ 1.60x slower)	69.47 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	63.30 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	64.03 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)
default	47.02 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	1.42 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	363.36 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	376.91 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_to_slice	copy_from_slice
64MB	7.27 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	8.14 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	10.41 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)
1MB	35.25 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	41.70 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	73.74 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
medium	40.44 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	178.80 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	3.75 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	158.93 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
default	350.84 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	161.20 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
large	159.90 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	3.27 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — ✅ 1.70x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — ❌ 2.15x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *6.07x slower* → ✅ **1.44x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	12.11 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)	10.89 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	51.23 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)	75.36 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	189.08 µs (❌ 1.36x slower)
large	50.14 µs (❌ 1.31x slower)	89.49 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)	470.07 µs (❌ 1.77x slower)
medium	53.66 µs (❌ 1.41x slower)	79.85 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	229.59 µs (❌ 1.52x slower)
small	50.90 µs (❌ 1.32x slower)	97.99 µs (❌ 1.44x slower)	186.37 µs (❌ 1.32x slower)
				79.48 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	182.44 µs (❌ 6.07x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.34 s (❌ 1.32x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	91.87 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)	96.21 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	6.68 ms (❌ 1.33x slower)	5.65 ms (❌ 1.33x slower)	1.30 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	1.22 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
large	305.40 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	243.02 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	318.34 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	245.23 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
medium	91.01 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	75.32 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	76.26 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)	60.96 ms (✅ 1.44x faster)
small	16.81 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	13.38 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	10.43 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	8.77 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	49.66 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	50.93 µs (❌ 1.22x slower)	43.32 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	9.79 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	12.70 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	7.48 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	679.35 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	93.85 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	336.52 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	65.75 ms (❌ 1.68x slower)
medium	86.46 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	375.55 µs (❌ 4.22x slower)
small	10.75 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	108.84 µs (❌ 1.49x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/medium — ✅ 1.44x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 6.07x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *5.82x slower* → ✅ **1.29x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	15.79 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	12.93 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	90.77 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	151.28 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	260.72 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
large	97.07 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	153.85 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)	794.05 µs (❌ 1.46x slower)
medium	90.89 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	146.21 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	368.69 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)
small	90.27 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	148.76 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)	282.50 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)
				115.18 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	153.17 µs (❌ 2.31x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.19 s (✅ 1.11x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	114.38 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	100.26 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.89 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	6.96 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)	1.33 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	1.04 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)
large	394.42 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	311.65 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	411.48 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	318.03 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)
medium	111.36 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	85.13 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	104.76 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)	75.19 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
small	22.68 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	17.66 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	14.99 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	11.30 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	67.78 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	71.75 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	41.64 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
64MB	14.64 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	19.45 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)	10.60 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	776.27 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	148.86 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)
large	429.48 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	77.77 ms (❌ 1.36x slower)
medium	112.07 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	5.24 ms (❌ 5.82x slower)
small	14.15 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	168.88 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.29x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 5.82x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.77x slower* → 🚀 **2.48x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.74 ms (❌ 1.77x slower)	10.21 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.52 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	70.89 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	12.76 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
small	23.48 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	67.80 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	12.62 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
default	20.57 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	62.47 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	12.73 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
				10.35 ms (❌ 1.56x slower)	22.37 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
large	24.29 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	88.44 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	11.50 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	594.35 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.44 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)	22.40 µs (✅ 1.75x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.18 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	27.01 ms (🚀 2.48x faster)	28.77 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	38.83 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)
medium	8.74 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	9.73 ms (🚀 1.99x faster)	8.85 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	24.04 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)
small	2.19 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)	4.16 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)	19.63 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)
default	399.52 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.37 ms (❌ 1.30x slower)	444.05 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	18.98 ms (❌ 1.63x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.60 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	2.82 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	4.81 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)
1MB	40.00 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	28.05 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	41.07 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	16.52 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	29.31 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)
large	36.02 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	101.77 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)
small	11.88 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	2.87 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
default	11.36 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	309.44 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.48x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.77x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *2.04x slower* → 🚀 **12.49x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.89 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	7.05 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	32.61 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	34.16 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	17.11 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
small	30.16 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	31.53 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	15.83 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)
default	32.50 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	32.32 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	17.10 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
				10.90 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	11.57 µs (🚀 2.34x faster)
large	33.21 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	69.87 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	17.19 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	549.88 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	27.05 µs (🚀 3.91x faster)	27.75 µs (🚀 3.99x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	65.79 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	66.27 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	63.49 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)	76.65 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)
medium	17.26 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	19.32 ms (🚀 2.23x faster)	17.39 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	35.75 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)
small	2.01 ms (✅ 1.78x faster)	3.26 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	2.04 ms (✅ 1.80x faster)	22.00 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)
default	331.83 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)	1.56 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	352.22 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	23.12 ms (❌ 2.04x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.84 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	2.65 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	3.86 ms (✅ 1.44x faster)
1MB	41.61 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	23.43 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	36.92 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	13.08 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	39.72 ms (🚀 1.88x faster)
large	47.91 µs (🚀 12.49x faster)	162.64 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)
small	9.73 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	2.28 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)
default	9.56 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	259.27 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 12.49x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 2.04x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.87x slower* → 🚀 **2.73x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	12.94 ms (❌ 1.87x slower)	8.93 ms (❌ 1.69x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	71.73 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	158.08 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	44.47 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)
small	68.49 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	156.53 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.50 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)
large	66.33 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	228.71 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	40.94 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)
				54.08 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)	48.05 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
medium	72.28 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	171.50 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	44.31 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	85.66 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	66.43 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	65.48 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	73.72 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	11.22 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	10.72 ms (🚀 2.40x faster)	13.94 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)
small	59.40 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	3.09 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	2.55 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	4.36 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
large	206.60 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)	36.00 ms (🚀 2.69x faster)	34.62 ms (🚀 2.73x faster)	40.25 ms (🚀 2.56x faster)
default	47.54 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	521.83 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)	463.94 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	1.59 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.45 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	5.60 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	4.48 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)
1MB	42.59 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.50 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.57 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	76.56 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	359.66 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)
large	1.84 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)	194.27 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)
medium	104.84 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	52.10 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)
small	85.51 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	3.07 ms (✅ 1.44x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.73x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.87x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.43x slower* → 🚀 **2.26x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.85 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	13.54 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

guest_calls

	interrupt_latency	call_with_host_function	different_thread	call	call_with_restore
	56.24 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)		86.62 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)
small		113.53 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)		72.85 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)	238.20 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)
medium		114.86 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)		73.29 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	257.00 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
default		110.29 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)		73.36 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	243.60 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
large		111.67 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)		75.76 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	349.54 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	110.96 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	89.81 µs (✅ 1.60x faster)	91.85 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
medium	16.12 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	19.92 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	16.97 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	74.00 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)
default	356.09 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	1.37 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	363.55 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	47.02 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)
small	1.93 ms (🚀 2.26x faster)	4.78 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	2.06 ms (🚀 2.18x faster)	58.00 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)
large	61.99 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)	69.29 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	60.42 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	221.92 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_to_slice	copy_from_slice
1MB	34.80 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	41.25 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	68.78 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
64MB	6.48 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	8.13 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	10.98 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
small	160.74 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	3.43 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)
default	155.89 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	352.93 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)
medium	176.20 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	39.31 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
large	1.56 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	155.95 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 2.26x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/large — ❌ 1.43x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *7.91x slower* → ✅ **1.21x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.83 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)	11.56 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	73.54 µs (❌ 1.86x slower)	134.16 µs (❌ 2.15x slower)	286.50 µs (❌ 2.29x slower)
large	61.99 µs (❌ 1.84x slower)	98.84 µs (❌ 1.57x slower)	665.41 µs (❌ 2.52x slower)
medium	75.89 µs (❌ 1.92x slower)	102.43 µs (❌ 2.00x slower)	325.30 µs (❌ 2.20x slower)
small	78.54 µs (❌ 2.05x slower)	131.07 µs (❌ 2.09x slower)	264.79 µs (❌ 1.85x slower)
				98.96 µs (❌ 1.45x slower)	179.26 µs (❌ 5.96x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	6.52 s (❌ 1.98x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	111.94 µs (❌ 1.66x slower)	97.39 µs (❌ 1.37x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.70 ms (❌ 1.73x slower)	7.27 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)	1.59 ms (❌ 1.30x slower)	1.46 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)
large	380.35 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	316.66 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	308.29 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	309.46 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)
medium	104.00 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	94.00 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	99.99 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	79.09 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)
small	23.12 ms (❌ 1.49x slower)	20.36 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)	14.07 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	13.98 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	54.07 µs (❌ 1.47x slower)	50.15 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	47.43 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)
64MB	14.12 ms (❌ 1.69x slower)	17.70 ms (❌ 1.87x slower)	10.78 ms (❌ 1.74x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	617.75 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	123.84 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)
large	350.90 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	58.94 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)
medium	114.06 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)	2.09 ms (❌ 7.91x slower)
small	14.90 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	142.30 µs (❌ 2.10x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — ✅ 1.21x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 7.91x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *10.73x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	19.80 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)	16.92 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	76.60 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	136.68 µs (❌ 1.21x slower)	203.37 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)
large	74.48 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	126.10 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	880.94 µs (❌ 2.10x slower)
medium	78.40 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	119.44 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	300.16 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
small	75.73 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	129.29 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	228.35 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
				77.91 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)	154.04 µs (❌ 2.32x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.99 s (❌ 1.28x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.37 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	109.86 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.76 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	7.30 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	1.62 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	1.27 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)
large	514.43 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	371.25 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	520.44 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)	372.12 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)
medium	143.50 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	101.60 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	131.91 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)	90.68 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)
small	28.55 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	19.75 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	19.50 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)	12.88 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	57.90 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	60.70 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	29.56 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)
64MB	18.94 ms (❌ 1.33x slower)	29.54 ms (❌ 1.82x slower)	15.68 ms (❌ 1.57x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	992.85 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	109.68 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
large	528.44 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	101.05 ms (❌ 1.76x slower)
medium	140.01 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	9.66 ms (❌ 10.73x slower)
small	17.24 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	125.59 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: guest_calls/different_thread — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 10.73x slower

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR introduces a new hyperlight-ci workspace crate to host CI/dev helper commands (benchmark runner + report generator), and wires it into GitHub Actions so PR benchmarks run in a matrix and get aggregated into a bot-posted PR comment.

Changes:

• Add a new hyperlight-ci binary with bench and bench-report subcommands (criterion-swarm execution + criterion-markdown rendering).
• Add a cargo ci ... alias and update Justfile benchmark targets to use it.
• Extend PR validation workflows to run benchmarks, upload per-matrix markdown reports, and combine them into a single artifact for hyperlight-gh-bot.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 10 out of 11 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
src/hyperlight_ci/src/main.rs	New CLI entrypoint with bench / bench-report subcommands.
src/hyperlight_ci/src/bench.rs	Implements the benchmark runner using criterion-swarm and output mode flags.
src/hyperlight_ci/src/bench_report.rs	Generates markdown reports from existing target/criterion results.
src/hyperlight_ci/Cargo.toml	New crate manifest and dependencies for the CI tool.
Justfile	Switch benchmark recipes to cargo ci bench ....
Cargo.toml	Adds src/hyperlight_ci to the workspace members.
Cargo.lock	Locks new dependencies (criterion-swarm/criterion-markdown/etc.) and adds hyperlight-ci.
.github/workflows/ValidatePullRequest.yml	Adds benchmark matrix job + aggregation job producing the PR comment artifact.
.github/workflows/dep_benchmarks.yml	Generates and uploads a benchmark.md report artifact per matrix entry.
.github/hyperlight-bot.yml	Configures hyperlight-gh-bot to post the aggregated benchmark comment.
.cargo/config.toml	Adds cargo ci alias to run hyperlight-ci.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 10 out of 11 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.77x slower* → 🚀 **2.45x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.72 ms (❌ 1.77x slower)	10.17 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.76 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	68.85 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	12.84 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	20.77 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	66.06 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	11.40 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)
default	24.17 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	62.81 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	12.90 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				10.02 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)	22.74 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
large	23.60 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	89.08 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	12.87 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	592.09 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.27 µs (✅ 1.70x faster)	22.25 µs (✅ 1.75x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.64 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	27.44 ms (🚀 2.45x faster)	29.43 ms (🚀 2.24x faster)	39.09 ms (🚀 2.00x faster)
medium	8.64 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)	9.96 ms (🚀 1.95x faster)	9.03 ms (🚀 1.99x faster)	23.02 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
small	2.23 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	3.83 ms (✅ 1.30x faster)	2.41 ms (✅ 1.48x faster)	18.36 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)
default	408.10 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	1.95 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	451.93 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	18.31 ms (❌ 1.58x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.71 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	2.67 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	4.37 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)
1MB	39.11 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	28.07 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	38.45 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	14.50 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	29.53 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	36.51 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	100.14 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
small	10.95 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	2.96 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)
default	10.25 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	309.61 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.45x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.77x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.79x slower* → 🚀 **13.07x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.63 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	8.47 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	32.58 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	34.58 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	17.07 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
small	32.95 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	31.90 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	16.17 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
default	30.51 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	30.62 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	17.33 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)
				10.53 ms (❌ 1.58x slower)	11.62 µs (🚀 2.33x faster)
large	30.60 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	83.66 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	17.33 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	614.38 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	28.30 µs (🚀 3.76x faster)	27.74 µs (🚀 3.97x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	62.09 ms (🚀 2.47x faster)	66.45 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	62.46 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	78.25 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)
medium	16.77 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)	18.98 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	16.94 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	34.46 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
small	1.92 ms (🚀 1.86x faster)	3.20 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	2.03 ms (✅ 1.80x faster)	20.33 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)
default	330.03 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	1.56 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	353.17 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	20.29 ms (❌ 1.79x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.95 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	2.48 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)	3.69 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)
1MB	40.15 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	23.50 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.08 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	13.07 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	39.21 ms (🚀 1.91x faster)
large	48.06 µs (🚀 13.07x faster)	156.52 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)
small	11.70 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)
default	9.63 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	254.88 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 13.07x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.79x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.39x slower* → 🚀 **2.69x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	16.49 ms (❌ 2.39x slower)	11.24 ms (❌ 2.13x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	69.22 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	164.91 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.72 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
small	72.93 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	150.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	44.06 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)
large	59.72 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	225.82 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	43.71 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)
				54.86 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	47.39 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)
medium	73.32 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	171.68 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	42.81 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	93.18 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	63.86 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	64.15 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	60.80 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	10.97 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	11.45 ms (🚀 2.24x faster)	13.26 ms (🚀 2.14x faster)
small	60.92 ms (❌ 1.45x slower)	2.58 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)	4.35 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
large	176.96 ms (❌ 1.22x slower)	36.01 ms (🚀 2.69x faster)	37.36 ms (🚀 2.53x faster)	43.84 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)
default	71.98 ms (❌ 2.09x slower)	498.30 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	463.30 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	1.52 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.95 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	6.08 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	4.27 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)
1MB	42.70 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.79 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	41.46 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	81.77 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	358.61 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	1.65 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	198.18 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
medium	109.38 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	49.49 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
small	80.22 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	3.22 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — 🚀 2.69x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 2.39x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.71x slower* → 🚀 **2.54x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.69 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	13.16 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	different_thread	call_with_restore	call	interrupt_latency
default	74.00 µs (🚀 2.25x faster)		133.52 µs (🚀 2.06x faster)	44.91 µs (🚀 2.29x faster)
		54.16 µs (🚀 2.31x faster)			37.60 µs (🚀 2.29x faster)
large	75.73 µs (🚀 2.32x faster)		244.55 µs (✅ 1.63x faster)	45.71 µs (🚀 2.23x faster)
medium	74.00 µs (🚀 2.30x faster)		148.00 µs (🚀 1.91x faster)	45.58 µs (🚀 2.28x faster)
small	75.60 µs (🚀 2.31x faster)		137.31 µs (🚀 2.00x faster)	45.38 µs (🚀 2.35x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	109.55 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	56.68 µs (🚀 2.54x faster)	57.98 µs (🚀 2.49x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_initialized_and_drop
default	355.74 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)	379.91 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	1.43 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	56.82 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)
medium	16.77 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	16.67 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	19.49 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	86.72 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)
large	62.37 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	62.42 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	69.60 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	200.24 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)
small	2.09 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)	2.22 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	4.61 ms (✅ 1.41x faster)	54.76 ms (❌ 1.30x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	10.58 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	8.01 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	6.97 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)
1MB	62.83 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	41.51 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	35.60 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	85.65 µs (🚀 1.84x faster)	318.66 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)
large	1.49 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	157.94 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
medium	102.06 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	39.40 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)
small	81.22 µs (🚀 1.88x faster)	3.60 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sample_workloads/24K_in_8K_out_c — 🚀 2.54x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.71x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *6.21x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.64 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	12.06 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	49.34 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)	73.79 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	189.44 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	48.85 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)	93.69 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	413.68 µs (❌ 1.43x slower)
medium	50.72 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)	95.34 µs (❌ 1.35x slower)	205.48 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)
small	49.92 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)	75.14 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)	197.91 µs (❌ 1.45x slower)
				78.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	186.70 µs (❌ 6.21x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.38 s (❌ 1.33x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	104.94 µs (❌ 1.49x slower)	81.89 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	6.59 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	5.58 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	1.14 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	1.34 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
large	305.84 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	260.34 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)	320.34 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	237.98 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
medium	93.91 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	66.16 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	90.08 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	61.64 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
small	16.95 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	13.47 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	10.69 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	8.86 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	54.34 µs (❌ 1.27x slower)	60.73 µs (❌ 1.58x slower)	43.80 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	11.00 ms (❌ 1.32x slower)	15.02 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)	8.64 ms (❌ 1.40x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	702.69 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	95.18 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)
large	371.88 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	63.18 ms (❌ 1.62x slower)
medium	96.28 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	1.27 ms (❌ 4.79x slower)
small	11.49 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	108.10 µs (❌ 1.51x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 6.21x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *10.31x slower* → ✅ **1.26x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	15.05 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	14.78 ms (❌ 1.26x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	120.81 µs (❌ 1.63x slower)	210.11 µs (❌ 1.83x slower)	398.99 µs (❌ 1.76x slower)
large	167.65 µs (❌ 1.84x slower)	287.82 µs (❌ 2.47x slower)	1.03 ms (❌ 2.41x slower)
medium	129.21 µs (❌ 1.56x slower)	231.37 µs (❌ 1.88x slower)	577.72 µs (❌ 1.92x slower)
small	122.15 µs (❌ 1.53x slower)	224.01 µs (❌ 1.80x slower)	439.51 µs (❌ 1.97x slower)
				158.13 µs (❌ 1.47x slower)	255.26 µs (❌ 3.85x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.99 s (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.38 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	102.32 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	10.68 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	7.88 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	1.24 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	1.00 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)
large	420.17 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	321.18 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	415.51 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	303.76 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)
medium	118.88 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	89.26 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	102.16 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	75.92 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)
small	26.58 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	18.21 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	16.35 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	10.56 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	69.05 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	73.56 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	36.21 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
64MB	14.22 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	17.48 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	11.04 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	840.13 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	291.95 µs (❌ 1.98x slower)
large	447.68 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	76.96 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)
medium	115.97 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	9.29 ms (❌ 10.31x slower)
small	15.60 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	335.66 µs (❌ 2.44x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sample_workloads/24K_in_8K_out_c — ✅ 1.26x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 10.31x slower

[jsturtevant]

Benchmark Results
kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ 1.77x slower → 🚀 2.45x faster)
kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.79x slower → 🚀 13.07x faster)
mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ 2.39x slower → 🚀 2.69x faster)
mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.71x slower → 🚀 2.54x faster)
hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ 6.21x slower → ✅ 1.46x faster)
hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ 10.31x slower → ✅ 1.26x faster)

It's not clear what this summary is telling me. Are all these faster and we are good to go? I looked at the details for a few and it looks like its slow for some and fast for others

[ludfjig]

is this ready for review @jprendes ?

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.15x slower* → 🚀 **2.76x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.90 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.18 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.20 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.77 ns (---)
256	11.83 ns (---)
128	11.82 ns (---)
512	12.14 ns (---)
4096	12.09 ns (---)
1024	12.07 ns (---)
1500	12.12 ns (---)

free

	``
256	12.09 ns (---)
4096	12.17 ns (---)
1500	12.15 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	19.47 ns (---)	24.47 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	4.72 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	9.90 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	25.86 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	74.82 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)		14.15 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
			6.86 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)		21.59 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
large	24.65 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	101.36 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)		12.83 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	25.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	78.40 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)		14.18 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
default	25.57 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	66.69 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)		14.10 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	590.94 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.62 ns (---)	7.63 ns (---)	258.23 ns (---)	7.65 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.06 µs (✅ 1.70x faster)	22.92 µs (✅ 1.66x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.74 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	416.63 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	11.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	454.61 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)
large	26.03 ms (🚀 2.58x faster)	23.56 ms (🚀 2.76x faster)	37.92 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	24.28 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)
small	3.55 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	15.70 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.13 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)
medium	9.11 ms (🚀 2.13x faster)	7.42 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	21.14 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.72 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.92 ns (---)
65536	23.47 ns (---)
262144	61.72 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.26 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	27.25 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	38.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
64MB	4.37 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.11 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	3.92 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	84.52 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	35.93 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.67 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	12.27 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
medium	21.91 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	16.43 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
default	330.58 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	10.60 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	642.88 ns (---)	776.21 ns (---)	775.83 ns (---)	855.85 ns (---)
65536	3.44 µs (---)	4.70 µs (---)	4.73 µs (---)	3.43 µs (---)
262144	12.68 µs (---)	18.26 µs (---)	18.62 µs (---)	12.66 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	945.82 ns (---)	1.15 µs (---)	1.15 µs (---)	943.13 ns (---)
65536	4.88 µs (---)	7.71 µs (---)	7.85 µs (---)	4.88 µs (---)
262144	20.42 µs (---)	32.45 µs (---)	32.37 µs (---)	20.40 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.76x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.15x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.07x slower** → 🚀 **11.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.54 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.14 µs (---)
4096	1.18 µs (---)
1500	1.18 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.41 ns (---)
256	11.37 ns (---)
128	11.39 ns (---)
512	11.69 ns (---)
4096	11.67 ns (---)
1024	11.73 ns (---)
1500	11.67 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.42 ns (---)
4096	11.99 ns (---)
1500	11.81 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	25.80 ns (---)	22.90 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.10 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	7.96 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	32.68 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	31.45 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)		17.57 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
			6.77 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)		18.38 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)
large	32.75 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	67.97 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		17.64 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
medium	32.81 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	37.11 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)		16.82 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
default	33.73 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	31.09 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)		17.42 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	559.91 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.07 ns (---)	7.08 ns (---)	252.85 ns (---)	7.06 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	27.77 µs (🚀 4.00x faster)	27.87 µs (🚀 3.81x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.66 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	346.23 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	12.15 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	375.18 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	66.50 ms (🚀 2.34x faster)	65.00 ms (🚀 2.36x faster)	76.06 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	62.42 ms (🚀 2.47x faster)
small	3.43 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	2.02 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)	15.28 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)
medium	18.66 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)	16.87 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	28.87 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)	16.78 ms (🚀 2.40x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	13.03 ns (---)
65536	28.95 ns (---)
262144	82.86 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.79 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	23.38 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.29 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
64MB	4.57 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	2.39 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	4.60 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	156.77 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	50.52 µs (🚀 11.85x faster)
small	2.28 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	9.98 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
medium	37.17 ms (🚀 2.01x faster)	13.41 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
default	261.86 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	9.69 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	517.54 ns (---)	633.29 ns (---)	656.02 ns (---)	511.93 ns (---)
65536	4.46 µs (---)	5.29 µs (---)	5.31 µs (---)	4.48 µs (---)
262144	16.18 µs (---)	20.30 µs (---)	20.45 µs (---)	16.17 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	713.44 ns (---)	939.27 ns (---)	946.94 ns (---)	713.99 ns (---)
65536	6.10 µs (---)	9.01 µs (---)	9.13 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)
262144	22.23 µs (---)	34.04 µs (---)	34.47 µs (---)	22.21 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 11.85x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ✅ 1.07x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.18x slower* → 🚀 **8.04x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.22 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.54 µs (---)
256	1.52 µs (---)
1500	1.54 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	15.12 ns (---)
4096	15.69 ns (---)
256	15.12 ns (---)
1500	15.69 ns (---)
1024	15.71 ns (---)
512	15.70 ns (---)
64	15.13 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	15.55 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
1500	15.57 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	30.36 ns (---)	24.29 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	6.17 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	4.89 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	58.54 µs (✅ 1.58x faster)	130.10 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	39.06 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)
small	58.84 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	133.64 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	36.93 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	59.46 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	189.54 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	37.21 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)
				50.41 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	53.33 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
medium	58.70 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	139.91 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	37.13 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	73.45 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.79 ns (---)	9.79 ns (---)	304.35 ns (---)	9.78 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	49.65 µs (✅ 1.73x faster)	47.87 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	46.74 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)	10.67 ms (🚀 2.44x faster)	10.30 ms (🚀 2.50x faster)	13.06 ms (🚀 2.17x faster)
small	36.14 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	1.99 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	1.80 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	3.40 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)
large	85.96 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	35.64 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)	34.92 ms (🚀 2.70x faster)	42.60 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)
default	33.82 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	533.85 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	492.30 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	1.38 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	78.43 ns (---)
65536	29.71 ns (---)
8192	16.41 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.09 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	4.88 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.58 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)
1MB	49.00 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	48.53 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	34.98 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	75.46 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	433.19 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	194.12 µs (🚀 8.04x faster)	113.83 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)
medium	88.35 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	28.29 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)
small	76.40 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	22.50 µs (---)	23.70 µs (---)	15.94 µs (---)	15.85 µs (---)
65536	5.77 µs (---)	5.83 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	4.38 µs (---)
8192	976.16 ns (---)	955.57 ns (---)	738.87 ns (---)	799.93 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	39.76 µs (---)	39.43 µs (---)	25.51 µs (---)	25.53 µs (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	9.41 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)	6.06 µs (---)
8192	1.48 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)	1.19 µs (---)	1.20 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 8.04x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/1MB — ❌ 1.18x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **2.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.24 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.44 µs (---)
256	1.40 µs (---)
1500	1.44 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
4096	14.23 ns (---)
256	13.93 ns (---)
512	14.38 ns (---)
64	13.94 ns (---)
1024	14.23 ns (---)
1500	14.23 ns (---)
128	13.93 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	14.39 ns (---)
256	14.19 ns (---)
1500	14.29 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	27.94 ns (---)	20.66 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.67 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	10.50 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	different_thread
large	74.99 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	111.51 µs (✅ 1.56x faster)	350.17 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)
small	75.90 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	111.83 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	240.59 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
default	74.67 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	112.17 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	244.15 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
medium	75.20 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	109.99 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	256.20 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
				91.12 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	93.55 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	110.00 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500
	284.08 ns (---)	9.48 ns (---)	9.51 ns (---)	9.56 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	90.97 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)	93.31 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized
large	111.56 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	61.84 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	62.84 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	70.09 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)
default	32.74 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	369.81 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	401.55 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	1.57 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
medium	57.00 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	17.51 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	17.19 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	20.21 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
small	41.90 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	3.19 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	2.88 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)	5.04 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	86.60 ns (---)
8192	15.18 ns (---)
65536	30.84 ns (---)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice
64MB	7.24 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	12.40 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	8.90 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
1MB	32.52 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	64.96 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	42.90 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
large	916.67 µs (🚀 2.85x faster)	159.45 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)
small	157.51 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	3.85 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
default	158.66 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	356.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
medium	173.57 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.22 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	21.35 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)	21.39 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)
8192	667.30 ns (---)	569.79 ns (---)	666.21 ns (---)	550.11 ns (---)
65536	5.50 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	5.62 µs (---)	4.36 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	44.12 µs (---)	26.07 µs (---)	42.69 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
8192	1.06 µs (---)	752.00 ns (---)	1.07 µs (---)	755.58 ns (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)	9.32 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.85x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_to_slice/1MB — ✅ 1.11x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *1.29x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.41 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.60 µs (---)
256	1.54 µs (---)
4096	1.60 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.10 ns (---)
128	15.41 ns (---)
1500	15.98 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
4096	15.99 ns (---)
512	15.98 ns (---)
64	15.34 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.01 ns (---)
256	15.36 ns (---)
4096	15.96 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.35 ns (---)	31.02 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	10.58 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	8.98 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	40.16 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	66.37 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	155.98 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
large	43.25 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	67.76 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	333.92 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	42.57 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	68.61 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	190.69 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
small	41.07 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	67.41 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	147.17 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				78.14 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	34.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	3.66 s (✅ 1.11x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.87 ns (---)	9.87 ns (---)	10.03 ns (---)	351.66 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	63.09 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	65.66 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	5.77 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	3.89 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	272.55 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	237.72 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	313.10 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	287.44 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
medium	71.14 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	61.31 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	78.77 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	72.76 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
small	14.44 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	11.47 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	10.66 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	9.99 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	83.25 ns (---)
65536	30.14 ns (---)
8192	16.91 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.85 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	43.13 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.67 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
64MB	9.91 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)	10.33 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	6.56 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	637.67 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	90.97 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)
large	316.11 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	40.35 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	74.02 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	137.44 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
small	9.31 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	99.71 µs (❌ 1.29x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	17.77 µs (---)	18.31 µs (---)	25.93 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
65536	4.53 µs (---)	4.82 µs (---)	5.91 µs (---)	5.96 µs (---)
8192	807.66 ns (---)	821.96 ns (---)	950.84 ns (---)	927.53 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	25.97 µs (---)	25.91 µs (---)	44.35 µs (---)	48.28 µs (---)
65536	6.60 µs (---)	6.55 µs (---)	10.75 µs (---)	10.87 µs (---)
8192	1.22 µs (---)	1.22 µs (---)	1.39 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/default — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/small — ❌ 1.29x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.15x slower* → 🚀 **2.76x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.90 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.18 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.20 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.77 ns (---)
256	11.83 ns (---)
128	11.82 ns (---)
512	12.14 ns (---)
4096	12.09 ns (---)
1024	12.07 ns (---)
1500	12.12 ns (---)

free

	``
256	12.09 ns (---)
4096	12.17 ns (---)
1500	12.15 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	19.47 ns (---)	24.47 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	4.72 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	9.90 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	25.86 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	74.82 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)		14.15 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
			6.86 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)		21.59 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
large	24.65 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	101.36 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)		12.83 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	25.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	78.40 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)		14.18 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
default	25.57 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	66.69 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)		14.10 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	590.94 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.62 ns (---)	7.63 ns (---)	258.23 ns (---)	7.65 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.06 µs (✅ 1.70x faster)	22.92 µs (✅ 1.66x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.74 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	416.63 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	11.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	454.61 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)
large	26.03 ms (🚀 2.58x faster)	23.56 ms (🚀 2.76x faster)	37.92 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	24.28 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)
small	3.55 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	15.70 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.13 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)
medium	9.11 ms (🚀 2.13x faster)	7.42 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	21.14 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.72 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.92 ns (---)
65536	23.47 ns (---)
262144	61.72 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.26 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	27.25 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	38.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
64MB	4.37 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.11 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	3.92 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	84.52 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	35.93 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.67 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	12.27 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
medium	21.91 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	16.43 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
default	330.58 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	10.60 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	642.88 ns (---)	776.21 ns (---)	775.83 ns (---)	855.85 ns (---)
65536	3.44 µs (---)	4.70 µs (---)	4.73 µs (---)	3.43 µs (---)
262144	12.68 µs (---)	18.26 µs (---)	18.62 µs (---)	12.66 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	945.82 ns (---)	1.15 µs (---)	1.15 µs (---)	943.13 ns (---)
65536	4.88 µs (---)	7.71 µs (---)	7.85 µs (---)	4.88 µs (---)
262144	20.42 µs (---)	32.45 µs (---)	32.37 µs (---)	20.40 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.76x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.15x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.07x slower** → 🚀 **11.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.54 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.14 µs (---)
4096	1.18 µs (---)
1500	1.18 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.41 ns (---)
256	11.37 ns (---)
128	11.39 ns (---)
512	11.69 ns (---)
4096	11.67 ns (---)
1024	11.73 ns (---)
1500	11.67 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.42 ns (---)
4096	11.99 ns (---)
1500	11.81 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	25.80 ns (---)	22.90 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.10 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	7.96 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	32.68 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	31.45 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)		17.57 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
			6.77 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)		18.38 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)
large	32.75 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	67.97 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		17.64 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
medium	32.81 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	37.11 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)		16.82 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
default	33.73 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	31.09 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)		17.42 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	559.91 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.07 ns (---)	7.08 ns (---)	252.85 ns (---)	7.06 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	27.77 µs (🚀 4.00x faster)	27.87 µs (🚀 3.81x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.66 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	346.23 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	12.15 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	375.18 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	66.50 ms (🚀 2.34x faster)	65.00 ms (🚀 2.36x faster)	76.06 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	62.42 ms (🚀 2.47x faster)
small	3.43 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	2.02 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)	15.28 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)
medium	18.66 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)	16.87 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	28.87 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)	16.78 ms (🚀 2.40x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	13.03 ns (---)
65536	28.95 ns (---)
262144	82.86 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.79 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	23.38 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.29 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
64MB	4.57 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	2.39 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	4.60 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	156.77 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	50.52 µs (🚀 11.85x faster)
small	2.28 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	9.98 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
medium	37.17 ms (🚀 2.01x faster)	13.41 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
default	261.86 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	9.69 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	517.54 ns (---)	633.29 ns (---)	656.02 ns (---)	511.93 ns (---)
65536	4.46 µs (---)	5.29 µs (---)	5.31 µs (---)	4.48 µs (---)
262144	16.18 µs (---)	20.30 µs (---)	20.45 µs (---)	16.17 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	713.44 ns (---)	939.27 ns (---)	946.94 ns (---)	713.99 ns (---)
65536	6.10 µs (---)	9.01 µs (---)	9.13 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)
262144	22.23 µs (---)	34.04 µs (---)	34.47 µs (---)	22.21 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 11.85x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ✅ 1.07x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.18x slower* → 🚀 **8.04x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.22 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.54 µs (---)
256	1.52 µs (---)
1500	1.54 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	15.12 ns (---)
4096	15.69 ns (---)
256	15.12 ns (---)
1500	15.69 ns (---)
1024	15.71 ns (---)
512	15.70 ns (---)
64	15.13 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	15.55 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
1500	15.57 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	30.36 ns (---)	24.29 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	6.17 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	4.89 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	58.54 µs (✅ 1.58x faster)	130.10 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	39.06 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)
small	58.84 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	133.64 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	36.93 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	59.46 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	189.54 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	37.21 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)
				50.41 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	53.33 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
medium	58.70 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	139.91 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	37.13 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	73.45 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.79 ns (---)	9.79 ns (---)	304.35 ns (---)	9.78 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	49.65 µs (✅ 1.73x faster)	47.87 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	46.74 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)	10.67 ms (🚀 2.44x faster)	10.30 ms (🚀 2.50x faster)	13.06 ms (🚀 2.17x faster)
small	36.14 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	1.99 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	1.80 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	3.40 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)
large	85.96 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	35.64 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)	34.92 ms (🚀 2.70x faster)	42.60 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)
default	33.82 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	533.85 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	492.30 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	1.38 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	78.43 ns (---)
65536	29.71 ns (---)
8192	16.41 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.09 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	4.88 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.58 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)
1MB	49.00 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	48.53 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	34.98 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	75.46 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	433.19 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	194.12 µs (🚀 8.04x faster)	113.83 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)
medium	88.35 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	28.29 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)
small	76.40 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	22.50 µs (---)	23.70 µs (---)	15.94 µs (---)	15.85 µs (---)
65536	5.77 µs (---)	5.83 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	4.38 µs (---)
8192	976.16 ns (---)	955.57 ns (---)	738.87 ns (---)	799.93 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	39.76 µs (---)	39.43 µs (---)	25.51 µs (---)	25.53 µs (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	9.41 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)	6.06 µs (---)
8192	1.48 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)	1.19 µs (---)	1.20 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 8.04x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/1MB — ❌ 1.18x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **2.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.24 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.44 µs (---)
256	1.40 µs (---)
1500	1.44 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
4096	14.23 ns (---)
256	13.93 ns (---)
512	14.38 ns (---)
64	13.94 ns (---)
1024	14.23 ns (---)
1500	14.23 ns (---)
128	13.93 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	14.39 ns (---)
256	14.19 ns (---)
1500	14.29 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	27.94 ns (---)	20.66 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.67 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	10.50 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	different_thread
large	74.99 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	111.51 µs (✅ 1.56x faster)	350.17 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)
small	75.90 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	111.83 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	240.59 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
default	74.67 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	112.17 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	244.15 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
medium	75.20 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	109.99 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	256.20 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
				91.12 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	93.55 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	110.00 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500
	284.08 ns (---)	9.48 ns (---)	9.51 ns (---)	9.56 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	90.97 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)	93.31 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized
large	111.56 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	61.84 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	62.84 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	70.09 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)
default	32.74 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	369.81 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	401.55 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	1.57 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
medium	57.00 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	17.51 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	17.19 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	20.21 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
small	41.90 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	3.19 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	2.88 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)	5.04 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	86.60 ns (---)
8192	15.18 ns (---)
65536	30.84 ns (---)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice
64MB	7.24 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	12.40 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	8.90 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
1MB	32.52 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	64.96 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	42.90 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
large	916.67 µs (🚀 2.85x faster)	159.45 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)
small	157.51 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	3.85 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
default	158.66 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	356.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
medium	173.57 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.22 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	21.35 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)	21.39 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)
8192	667.30 ns (---)	569.79 ns (---)	666.21 ns (---)	550.11 ns (---)
65536	5.50 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	5.62 µs (---)	4.36 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	44.12 µs (---)	26.07 µs (---)	42.69 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
8192	1.06 µs (---)	752.00 ns (---)	1.07 µs (---)	755.58 ns (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)	9.32 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.85x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_to_slice/1MB — ✅ 1.11x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *1.29x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.41 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.60 µs (---)
256	1.54 µs (---)
4096	1.60 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.10 ns (---)
128	15.41 ns (---)
1500	15.98 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
4096	15.99 ns (---)
512	15.98 ns (---)
64	15.34 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.01 ns (---)
256	15.36 ns (---)
4096	15.96 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.35 ns (---)	31.02 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	10.58 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	8.98 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	40.16 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	66.37 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	155.98 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
large	43.25 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	67.76 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	333.92 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	42.57 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	68.61 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	190.69 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
small	41.07 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	67.41 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	147.17 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				78.14 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	34.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	3.66 s (✅ 1.11x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.87 ns (---)	9.87 ns (---)	10.03 ns (---)	351.66 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	63.09 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	65.66 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	5.77 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	3.89 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	272.55 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	237.72 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	313.10 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	287.44 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
medium	71.14 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	61.31 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	78.77 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	72.76 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
small	14.44 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	11.47 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	10.66 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	9.99 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	83.25 ns (---)
65536	30.14 ns (---)
8192	16.91 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.85 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	43.13 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.67 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
64MB	9.91 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)	10.33 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	6.56 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	637.67 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	90.97 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)
large	316.11 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	40.35 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	74.02 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	137.44 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
small	9.31 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	99.71 µs (❌ 1.29x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	17.77 µs (---)	18.31 µs (---)	25.93 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
65536	4.53 µs (---)	4.82 µs (---)	5.91 µs (---)	5.96 µs (---)
8192	807.66 ns (---)	821.96 ns (---)	950.84 ns (---)	927.53 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	25.97 µs (---)	25.91 µs (---)	44.35 µs (---)	48.28 µs (---)
65536	6.60 µs (---)	6.55 µs (---)	10.75 µs (---)	10.87 µs (---)
8192	1.22 µs (---)	1.22 µs (---)	1.39 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/default — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/small — ❌ 1.29x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.13x slower* → 🚀 **2.73x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.85 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.20 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.21 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.77 ns (---)
256	11.78 ns (---)
128	11.77 ns (---)
512	12.07 ns (---)
4096	12.27 ns (---)
1024	12.08 ns (---)
1500	12.09 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.76 ns (---)
4096	12.13 ns (---)
1500	12.10 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	20.14 ns (---)	23.75 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	4.95 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	9.04 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	23.91 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	73.49 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)		14.00 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
			6.73 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)		21.68 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
large	24.59 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	99.02 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)		13.25 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	24.59 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	78.97 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)		14.07 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
default	25.69 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)	68.00 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)		14.05 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	589.06 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.62 ns (---)	7.62 ns (---)	256.77 ns (---)	7.69 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.04 µs (✅ 1.69x faster)	22.15 µs (✅ 1.73x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.83 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	418.26 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	11.88 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	450.25 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
large	25.87 ms (🚀 2.59x faster)	23.85 ms (🚀 2.73x faster)	38.54 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	24.56 ms (🚀 2.69x faster)
small	3.86 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.03 ms (🚀 1.86x faster)	15.86 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	2.21 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)
medium	9.25 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)	7.51 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	21.13 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.83 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.81 ns (---)
65536	23.17 ns (---)
262144	61.05 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	37.28 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	27.33 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	37.61 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
64MB	4.44 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	2.20 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	4.20 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	84.80 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)	35.87 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)
small	2.32 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	11.52 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
medium	21.71 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	15.35 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
default	327.97 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	10.61 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	662.92 ns (---)	785.15 ns (---)	855.09 ns (---)	676.99 ns (---)
65536	3.47 µs (---)	4.66 µs (---)	4.80 µs (---)	3.46 µs (---)
262144	18.15 µs (---)	18.29 µs (---)	26.39 µs (---)	14.28 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	952.47 ns (---)	1.21 µs (---)	1.19 µs (---)	945.89 ns (---)
65536	4.90 µs (---)	7.99 µs (---)	7.76 µs (---)	4.91 µs (---)
262144	21.81 µs (---)	31.76 µs (---)	31.75 µs (---)	21.86 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.73x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.13x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.08x slower** → 🚀 **11.46x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	13.25 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.31 µs (---)
4096	1.35 µs (---)
1500	1.36 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	12.87 ns (---)
256	12.89 ns (---)
128	12.90 ns (---)
512	13.31 ns (---)
4096	13.39 ns (---)
1024	13.36 ns (---)
1500	13.33 ns (---)

free

	``
256	13.06 ns (---)
4096	13.44 ns (---)
1500	13.56 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	26.16 ns (---)	26.07 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.82 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	8.62 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	36.32 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	36.97 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)		20.08 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
			6.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)		21.14 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)
large	37.34 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	80.70 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)		20.35 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
medium	37.66 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	40.91 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)		20.51 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
default	34.74 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	35.96 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)		19.07 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	605.61 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	8.08 ns (---)	8.10 ns (---)	291.63 ns (---)	8.13 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	31.48 µs (🚀 3.52x faster)	31.97 µs (🚀 3.31x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.84 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	376.96 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	11.47 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	417.76 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)
large	67.45 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	65.20 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	79.75 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)	67.12 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)
small	3.76 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)	2.22 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	15.71 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
medium	19.45 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	17.53 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	31.48 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	18.11 ms (🚀 2.22x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	14.83 ns (---)
65536	33.41 ns (---)
262144	94.90 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	45.87 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	26.87 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	42.69 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)
64MB	5.50 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	2.77 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	4.99 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	160.24 ms (🚀 1.85x faster)	54.36 µs (🚀 11.46x faster)
small	2.44 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	11.33 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
medium	39.28 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)	14.87 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
default	290.36 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	10.84 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	581.59 ns (---)	718.98 ns (---)	719.95 ns (---)	573.62 ns (---)
65536	5.03 µs (---)	6.19 µs (---)	6.01 µs (---)	5.04 µs (---)
262144	18.57 µs (---)	23.04 µs (---)	23.12 µs (---)	18.53 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	817.20 ns (---)	1.05 µs (---)	1.09 µs (---)	816.07 ns (---)
65536	7.03 µs (---)	10.15 µs (---)	10.21 µs (---)	7.00 µs (---)
262144	25.25 µs (---)	38.83 µs (---)	38.20 µs (---)	25.04 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 11.46x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/call/small — ✅ 1.08x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **4.25x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.99 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.48 µs (---)
256	1.43 µs (---)
1500	1.47 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	14.36 ns (---)
4096	14.61 ns (---)
256	14.27 ns (---)
1500	14.62 ns (---)
1024	14.62 ns (---)
512	14.72 ns (---)
64	14.33 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	15.03 ns (---)
256	14.58 ns (---)
1500	14.94 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	28.87 ns (---)	21.63 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	7.24 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	5.40 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	64.32 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	132.42 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	42.94 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)
small	64.34 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	140.86 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	40.46 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
large	62.94 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	213.68 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	40.12 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
				59.83 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	48.29 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
medium	64.14 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	155.03 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	39.69 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	76.10 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.40 ns (---)	9.43 ns (---)	284.52 ns (---)	9.46 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	60.89 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	60.91 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	45.32 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	10.05 ms (🚀 2.59x faster)	9.48 ms (🚀 2.71x faster)	12.22 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)
small	33.98 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	1.94 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)	1.80 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	3.15 ms (🚀 1.84x faster)
large	82.64 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	32.65 ms (🚀 2.97x faster)	32.40 ms (🚀 2.91x faster)	40.23 ms (🚀 2.56x faster)
default	33.90 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	468.65 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	440.70 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	1.39 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	81.50 ns (---)
65536	28.88 ns (---)
8192	15.88 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	6.20 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	5.10 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	3.73 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)
1MB	41.39 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	42.44 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.29 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	81.13 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	356.02 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
large	316.48 µs (🚀 4.25x faster)	167.80 ms (✅ 1.43x faster)
medium	99.83 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	40.96 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
small	84.01 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	2.25 ms (🚀 1.96x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	27.89 µs (---)	26.54 µs (---)	15.89 µs (---)	17.16 µs (---)
65536	6.01 µs (---)	5.93 µs (---)	4.04 µs (---)	4.04 µs (---)
8192	927.00 ns (---)	942.56 ns (---)	708.93 ns (---)	753.64 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	45.09 µs (---)	40.13 µs (---)	27.94 µs (---)	27.81 µs (---)
65536	10.39 µs (---)	9.72 µs (---)	5.69 µs (---)	5.67 µs (---)
8192	1.34 µs (---)	1.37 µs (---)	1.14 µs (---)	1.11 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 4.25x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/64MB — ✅ 1.11x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.16x slower* → 🚀 **3.13x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.37 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.43 µs (---)
256	1.41 µs (---)
4096	1.43 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	14.37 ns (---)
1500	14.40 ns (---)
128	13.91 ns (---)
256	13.97 ns (---)
64	13.91 ns (---)
4096	14.34 ns (---)
512	14.39 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	14.26 ns (---)
256	14.18 ns (---)
4096	14.23 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	27.96 ns (---)	24.24 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.42 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	13.72 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	70.06 µs (🚀 2.46x faster)	130.60 µs (🚀 2.11x faster)		43.91 µs (🚀 2.41x faster)
default	68.97 µs (🚀 2.41x faster)	136.43 µs (🚀 2.02x faster)		43.95 µs (🚀 2.37x faster)
medium	68.74 µs (🚀 2.47x faster)	140.78 µs (🚀 2.04x faster)		43.53 µs (🚀 2.35x faster)
			58.05 µs (🚀 2.11x faster)		59.55 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)
large	69.09 µs (🚀 2.51x faster)	246.02 µs (✅ 1.65x faster)		43.97 µs (🚀 2.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	107.12 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500
	293.98 ns (---)	9.49 ns (---)	9.48 ns (---)	9.56 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	56.80 µs (🚀 2.57x faster)	55.12 µs (🚀 2.64x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized
small	43.48 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.35 ms (🚀 1.92x faster)	4.93 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	2.55 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)
large	112.08 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	63.22 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	70.20 ms (✅ 1.60x faster)	64.00 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)
medium	56.84 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	17.46 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	19.92 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	17.80 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
default	33.56 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	395.95 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	1.54 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	360.00 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
65536	30.83 ns (---)
262144	86.58 ns (---)
8192	15.42 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	72.36 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	32.53 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	43.37 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
64MB	11.69 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	6.99 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	8.77 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
medium	41.74 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	93.06 µs (🚀 1.85x faster)
large	160.09 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	833.84 µs (🚀 3.13x faster)
default	324.64 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	83.25 µs (🚀 1.90x faster)
small	3.55 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	80.56 µs (🚀 1.93x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented
65536	4.36 µs (---)	5.57 µs (---)	4.36 µs (---)	5.53 µs (---)
262144	15.93 µs (---)	21.16 µs (---)	16.07 µs (---)	20.72 µs (---)
8192	581.79 ns (---)	675.47 ns (---)	559.87 ns (---)	674.40 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented
65536	5.99 µs (---)	9.19 µs (---)	5.99 µs (---)	9.20 µs (---)
262144	24.98 µs (---)	42.19 µs (---)	25.17 µs (---)	40.21 µs (---)
8192	742.02 ns (---)	1.00 µs (---)	747.60 ns (---)	1.09 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 3.13x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/1MB — ❌ 1.16x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **1.95x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.72 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.60 µs (---)
256	1.55 µs (---)
4096	1.61 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.29 ns (---)
128	15.65 ns (---)
1500	16.29 ns (---)
256	15.69 ns (---)
4096	16.30 ns (---)
512	16.32 ns (---)
64	15.64 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	15.97 ns (---)
256	15.35 ns (---)
4096	15.98 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.45 ns (---)	30.85 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	9.17 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	7.80 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	41.78 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	64.11 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	142.33 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
large	39.52 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	65.52 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	304.57 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	43.79 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)	64.00 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	174.39 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
small	43.28 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)	64.24 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	148.52 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				73.20 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	29.64 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	3.09 s (✅ 1.07x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.91 ns (---)	9.85 ns (---)	9.93 ns (---)	363.51 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	63.68 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	63.93 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	4.84 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	3.98 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	848.55 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	774.49 µs (🚀 1.95x faster)
large	252.85 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)	221.07 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)	235.90 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	212.90 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)
medium	67.20 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	58.46 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	59.82 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	53.30 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)
small	12.96 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	11.17 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	8.01 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	7.40 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	83.26 ns (---)
65536	30.10 ns (---)
8192	16.99 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.10 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	42.64 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	41.39 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
64MB	7.53 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	8.34 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	5.71 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	581.14 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	75.10 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
large	292.12 ms (✅ 1.30x faster)	40.84 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)
medium	72.82 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	132.63 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
small	9.04 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	78.50 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	18.02 µs (---)	17.81 µs (---)	27.41 µs (---)	26.54 µs (---)
65536	4.24 µs (---)	4.21 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)	6.21 µs (---)
8192	749.55 ns (---)	735.49 ns (---)	871.75 ns (---)	855.53 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	110.78 µs (---)	26.62 µs (---)	44.25 µs (---)	46.53 µs (---)
65536	6.41 µs (---)	6.58 µs (---)	10.76 µs (---)	10.65 µs (---)
8192	1.19 µs (---)	1.20 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)	1.38 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/default — 🚀 1.95x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/call/medium — ✅ 1.11x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *1.23x slower* → ✅ **1.76x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.26 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.65 µs (---)
256	1.50 µs (---)
4096	1.64 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.21 ns (---)
128	14.95 ns (---)
1500	16.24 ns (---)
256	14.97 ns (---)
4096	16.24 ns (---)
512	16.26 ns (---)
64	14.94 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.45 ns (---)
256	15.25 ns (---)
4096	16.45 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	21.82 ns (---)	30.15 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.12 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	12.08 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	87.14 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	119.39 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	250.87 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)
large	79.46 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	117.19 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	603.40 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
medium	101.37 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	120.79 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	353.05 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
small	94.40 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	120.69 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	277.77 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)
				113.55 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	47.69 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.68 s (✅ 1.00x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.98 ns (---)	9.87 ns (---)	9.83 ns (---)	349.53 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.70 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	99.15 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	7.22 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	5.40 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	985.79 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	974.51 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
large	343.34 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	293.03 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	327.65 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	289.81 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
medium	92.77 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	79.84 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	82.45 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	74.00 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
small	18.73 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	15.48 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	11.08 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	9.95 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	86.03 ns (---)
65536	30.28 ns (---)
8192	17.05 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	69.63 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	70.56 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	33.00 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
64MB	14.13 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	16.07 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	9.44 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	753.07 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	150.03 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
large	423.52 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	55.02 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)
medium	107.96 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	253.88 µs (✅ 1.76x faster)
small	13.45 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	164.46 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	16.12 µs (---)	15.94 µs (---)	22.04 µs (---)	21.86 µs (---)
65536	4.80 µs (---)	4.81 µs (---)	5.64 µs (---)	5.84 µs (---)
8192	595.39 ns (---)	640.57 ns (---)	746.46 ns (---)	752.56 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	26.08 µs (---)	29.62 µs (---)	49.39 µs (---)	50.29 µs (---)
65536	6.30 µs (---)	6.32 µs (---)	10.44 µs (---)	10.67 µs (---)
8192	935.26 ns (---)	898.59 ns (---)	1.23 µs (---)	1.16 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/medium — ✅ 1.76x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/call/medium — ❌ 1.23x slower

[jprendes]

Benchmark Results
kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ 1.77x slower → 🚀 2.45x faster)
kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.79x slower → 🚀 13.07x faster)
mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ 2.39x slower → 🚀 2.69x faster)
mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.71x slower → 🚀 2.54x faster)
hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ 6.21x slower → ✅ 1.46x faster)
hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ 10.31x slower → ✅ 1.26x faster)

It's not clear what this summary is telling me. Are all these faster and we are good to go? I looked at the details for a few and it looks like its slow for some and fast for others

No, some of the benchmarks were slower, and some were faster, e.g.:

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.71x slower → 🚀 2.54x faster)

For that platform / hypervisor combination there was at least one benchmark that was 1.71x slower, and at least one that was 2.54x faster. The values between brackets show the "spread" in benchmark results for that platform.

I guess it could be confused as <before> → <after>.

I'm open to ideas on how to improve it :-)

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.83x slower* → 🚀 **2.45x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.84 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.19 µs (---)
4096	1.18 µs (---)
1500	1.18 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.80 ns (---)
256	11.82 ns (---)
128	11.80 ns (---)
512	12.32 ns (---)
4096	11.67 ns (---)
1024	11.77 ns (---)
1500	11.65 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.82 ns (---)
4096	11.84 ns (---)
1500	11.89 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	19.44 ns (---)	24.58 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.43 ms (❌ 1.70x slower)	10.39 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	22.67 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	73.60 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)		13.93 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)
			12.14 ms (❌ 1.83x slower)		21.79 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
large	22.19 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	92.60 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		14.01 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)
medium	25.18 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	75.00 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)		12.47 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
default	25.13 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	63.41 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)		12.51 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	633.04 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.63 ns (---)	7.68 ns (---)	251.57 ns (---)	7.75 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.44 µs (✅ 1.66x faster)	23.81 µs (✅ 1.61x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	sandbox_from_snapshot
default	1.84 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	442.26 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	18.72 ms (❌ 1.61x slower)	489.83 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	472.89 µs (---)
large	27.43 ms (🚀 2.45x faster)	27.91 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	43.37 ms (🚀 1.81x faster)	28.74 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)	861.48 µs (---)
small	4.02 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	2.44 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)	19.66 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	2.59 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	542.76 µs (---)
medium	10.05 ms (🚀 1.93x faster)	8.78 ms (🚀 2.01x faster)	25.78 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	9.12 ms (🚀 1.97x faster)	581.46 µs (---)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.73 ns (---)
65536	23.00 ns (---)
262144	61.45 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	40.54 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	28.00 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	41.39 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
64MB	4.72 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	2.91 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)	4.76 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)

snapshot_files

	cold_start_via_snapshot	load_snapshot	load_snapshot_unverified	cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified	cold_start_via_evolve	save_snapshot
small	7.12 ms (---)	5.57 ms (---)	66.38 µs (---)	1.42 ms (---)	3.55 ms (---)	155.26 ms (---)
medium	46.59 ms (---)	44.70 ms (---)	67.25 µs (---)	1.50 ms (---)	10.17 ms (---)	523.20 ms (---)
default	1.92 ms (---)	435.48 µs (---)	66.62 µs (---)	1.43 ms (---)	2.68 ms (---)	13.33 ms (---)
large	177.16 ms (---)	172.22 ms (---)	72.68 µs (---)	1.74 ms (---)	28.85 ms (---)	994.47 ms (---)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	89.43 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)	38.80 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)
small	2.74 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)	12.12 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)
medium	26.69 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	17.02 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
default	334.45 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	11.22 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	656.36 ns (---)	758.12 ns (---)	762.99 ns (---)	699.74 ns (---)
65536	3.55 µs (---)	4.38 µs (---)	4.23 µs (---)	3.34 µs (---)
262144	12.96 µs (---)	16.64 µs (---)	16.99 µs (---)	12.62 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	978.33 ns (---)	1.24 µs (---)	1.17 µs (---)	985.53 ns (---)
65536	4.73 µs (---)	7.29 µs (---)	7.21 µs (---)	4.85 µs (---)
262144	20.20 µs (---)	31.26 µs (---)	31.81 µs (---)	20.06 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.45x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/different_thread — ❌ 1.83x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.74x slower* → 🚀 **12.06x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.54 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.17 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.20 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.31 ns (---)
256	11.31 ns (---)
128	11.33 ns (---)
512	12.11 ns (---)
4096	11.95 ns (---)
1024	11.91 ns (---)
1500	11.95 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.52 ns (---)
4096	11.84 ns (---)
1500	11.97 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	19.47 ns (---)	22.87 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.63 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	7.80 ms (✅ 1.60x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	33.03 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	33.59 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)		17.16 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
			10.62 ms (❌ 1.60x slower)		11.23 µs (🚀 2.41x faster)
large	33.16 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	69.19 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)		17.39 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)
medium	32.96 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	37.26 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)		17.12 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
default	33.04 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	33.39 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		17.18 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	556.34 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.03 ns (---)	7.04 ns (---)	232.74 ns (---)	7.04 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	27.72 µs (🚀 3.97x faster)	26.99 µs (🚀 3.92x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	sandbox_from_snapshot
default	1.96 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	332.45 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	19.66 ms (❌ 1.74x slower)	352.72 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	527.16 µs (---)
large	64.74 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	61.74 ms (🚀 2.48x faster)	79.78 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)	61.76 ms (🚀 2.49x faster)	681.35 µs (---)
small	3.41 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	1.94 ms (🚀 1.84x faster)	19.98 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)	635.64 µs (---)
medium	18.41 ms (🚀 2.34x faster)	16.24 ms (🚀 2.50x faster)	34.27 ms (✅ 1.60x faster)	17.11 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	367.90 µs (---)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.92 ns (---)
65536	29.17 ns (---)
262144	83.29 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	39.84 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	23.48 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.08 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
64MB	4.66 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)	2.45 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	3.67 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)

snapshot_files

	cold_start_via_snapshot	load_snapshot	load_snapshot_unverified	cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified	cold_start_via_evolve	save_snapshot
small	7.11 ms (---)	5.63 ms (---)	29.98 µs (---)	1.41 ms (---)	3.54 ms (---)	115.70 ms (---)
medium	45.32 ms (---)	42.41 ms (---)	30.94 µs (---)	1.16 ms (---)	18.36 ms (---)	438.97 ms (---)
default	1.71 ms (---)	392.58 µs (---)	29.65 µs (---)	1.35 ms (---)	1.68 ms (---)	4.72 ms (---)
large	185.19 ms (---)	178.64 ms (---)	31.91 µs (---)	1.41 ms (---)	65.84 ms (---)	926.74 ms (---)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	154.19 ms (🚀 1.92x faster)	48.42 µs (🚀 12.06x faster)
small	2.35 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	10.05 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
medium	35.02 ms (🚀 2.13x faster)	13.18 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)
default	253.08 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	9.73 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	526.22 ns (---)	591.40 ns (---)	613.64 ns (---)	499.79 ns (---)
65536	4.54 µs (---)	5.05 µs (---)	5.01 µs (---)	4.45 µs (---)
262144	16.35 µs (---)	18.83 µs (---)	19.06 µs (---)	16.41 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	735.55 ns (---)	924.53 ns (---)	902.78 ns (---)	766.95 ns (---)
65536	5.97 µs (---)	8.11 µs (---)	8.10 µs (---)	5.94 µs (---)
262144	21.70 µs (---)	31.40 µs (---)	31.27 µs (---)	21.71 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 12.06x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.74x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.04x slower* → 🚀 **2.96x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.93 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.50 µs (---)
256	1.50 µs (---)
1500	1.50 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	15.04 ns (---)
4096	15.00 ns (---)
256	15.05 ns (---)
1500	14.93 ns (---)
1024	14.92 ns (---)
512	15.11 ns (---)
64	15.04 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	14.95 ns (---)
256	15.02 ns (---)
1500	15.07 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	29.61 ns (---)	21.19 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	11.87 ms (❌ 1.72x slower)	8.42 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	75.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	271.60 µs (❌ 1.64x slower)	61.69 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)
small	85.58 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	177.42 µs (❌ 1.57x slower)	64.89 µs (❌ 1.15x slower)
large	99.80 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	270.16 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	68.89 µs (❌ 1.27x slower)
				82.81 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	59.15 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)
medium	79.73 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	173.01 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	68.72 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	82.90 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.63 ns (---)	9.67 ns (---)	296.23 ns (---)	9.68 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	60.41 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	63.33 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	sandbox_from_snapshot
medium	68.12 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	10.91 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	10.65 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	12.86 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)	27.28 ms (---)
small	68.76 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	2.66 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	2.60 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)	4.42 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	4.71 ms (---)
large	95.28 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	34.27 ms (🚀 2.83x faster)	33.88 ms (🚀 2.79x faster)	41.51 ms (🚀 2.48x faster)	101.38 ms (---)
default	50.48 ms (❌ 1.46x slower)	647.37 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	601.30 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	1.70 ms (❌ 1.11x slower)	1.07 ms (---)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	82.11 ns (---)
65536	29.24 ns (---)
8192	16.17 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.83 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	5.56 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	4.44 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)
1MB	42.31 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	43.55 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	41.65 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshot_files

	cold_start_via_evolve	cold_start_via_snapshot	load_snapshot	save_snapshot	cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified	load_snapshot_unverified
medium	12.82 ms (---)	75.93 ms (---)	49.31 ms (---)	68.58 ms (---)	26.83 ms (---)	59.69 µs (---)
large	41.00 ms (---)	295.34 ms (---)	195.69 ms (---)	269.56 ms (---)	99.38 ms (---)	62.55 µs (---)
default	1.78 ms (---)	1.84 ms (---)	481.53 µs (---)	681.10 µs (---)	1.24 ms (---)	57.43 µs (---)
small	3.50 ms (---)	11.99 ms (---)	6.50 ms (---)	8.90 ms (---)	4.75 ms (---)	58.38 µs (---)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	161.95 µs (❌ 1.92x slower)	379.22 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)
large	1.13 ms (🚀 2.96x faster)	186.69 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)
medium	213.72 µs (❌ 1.88x slower)	46.66 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)
small	180.94 µs (❌ 2.04x slower)	2.95 ms (✅ 1.50x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	24.87 µs (---)	26.19 µs (---)	17.47 µs (---)	16.74 µs (---)
65536	5.55 µs (---)	5.72 µs (---)	4.15 µs (---)	3.91 µs (---)
8192	944.38 ns (---)	914.57 ns (---)	732.51 ns (---)	737.24 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	41.87 µs (---)	40.98 µs (---)	23.92 µs (---)	26.94 µs (---)
65536	9.53 µs (---)	9.49 µs (---)	5.60 µs (---)	5.97 µs (---)
8192	1.38 µs (---)	1.43 µs (---)	1.17 µs (---)	1.17 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.96x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/small — ❌ 2.04x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.37x slower* → 🚀 **2.27x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.43 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.43 µs (---)
256	1.43 µs (---)
4096	1.46 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
512	14.42 ns (---)
64	14.12 ns (---)
1500	14.49 ns (---)
1024	14.28 ns (---)
256	14.10 ns (---)
4096	14.30 ns (---)
128	14.14 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	14.35 ns (---)
256	14.33 ns (---)
4096	14.27 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	28.34 ns (---)	20.89 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.25 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	10.89 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

guest_calls

	different_thread	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	call	call_with_host_function
	86.91 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)		54.32 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)
medium		261.49 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)		77.65 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	112.76 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)
default		248.47 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)		76.99 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	106.62 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)
small		243.72 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)		78.90 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	112.18 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)
large		365.61 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)		81.21 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	117.31 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	108.12 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_128
	9.62 ns (---)	281.27 ns (---)	9.65 ns (---)	9.65 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	94.73 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	91.36 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	sandbox_from_snapshot	create_initialized	create_initialized_and_drop
medium	16.61 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	16.20 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	12.76 ms (---)	18.62 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	64.92 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)
small	1.91 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	1.98 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	2.36 ms (---)	4.28 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)	52.24 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)
default	357.59 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	380.34 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	831.24 µs (---)	1.44 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	45.56 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)
large	61.74 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	61.69 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	85.32 ms (---)	68.57 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	120.12 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
65536	30.01 ns (---)
262144	84.82 ns (---)
8192	15.17 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	10.25 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	8.45 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	6.67 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)
1MB	68.34 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	39.28 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	38.31 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshot_files

	load_snapshot	load_snapshot_unverified	save_snapshot	cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified	cold_start_via_snapshot	cold_start_via_evolve
small	7.70 ms (---)	31.18 µs (---)	8.76 ms (---)	4.60 ms (---)	12.29 ms (---)	4.75 ms (---)
default	506.11 µs (---)	30.75 µs (---)	593.05 µs (---)	1.36 ms (---)	2.00 ms (---)	1.74 ms (---)
large	230.37 ms (---)	30.12 µs (---)	282.21 ms (---)	86.44 ms (---)	319.55 ms (---)	71.18 ms (---)
medium	57.82 ms (---)	31.68 µs (---)	71.32 ms (---)	24.01 ms (---)	83.49 ms (---)	19.91 ms (---)

snapshots

	restore	create
small	161.50 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	3.26 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)
medium	171.09 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	38.93 ms (✅ 1.41x faster)
large	1.72 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)	155.10 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)
default	159.26 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	352.46 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented
65536	5.07 µs (---)	4.17 µs (---)	4.33 µs (---)	5.08 µs (---)
262144	19.25 µs (---)	14.88 µs (---)	15.78 µs (---)	19.02 µs (---)
8192	659.79 ns (---)	569.03 ns (---)	585.48 ns (---)	656.76 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented
65536	8.64 µs (---)	5.99 µs (---)	5.95 µs (---)	8.56 µs (---)
262144	36.34 µs (---)	23.13 µs (---)	22.39 µs (---)	36.29 µs (---)
8192	1.02 µs (---)	718.88 ns (---)	725.98 ns (---)	976.64 ns (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 2.27x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.37x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *5.42x slower* → ✅ **1.45x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	16.10 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.69 µs (---)
256	1.59 µs (---)
4096	1.69 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.11 ns (---)
128	15.35 ns (---)
1500	16.21 ns (---)
256	15.37 ns (---)
4096	16.31 ns (---)
512	16.00 ns (---)
64	15.36 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.42 ns (---)
256	15.83 ns (---)
4096	16.61 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.93 ns (---)	32.22 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	11.45 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	10.48 ms (❌ 1.22x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	45.92 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	72.11 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	158.08 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
large	46.10 µs (❌ 1.15x slower)	83.78 µs (❌ 1.24x slower)	408.38 µs (❌ 1.46x slower)
medium	45.22 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	77.38 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)	210.16 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)
small	45.97 µs (❌ 1.22x slower)	75.65 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)	172.03 µs (❌ 1.24x slower)
				75.85 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	162.98 µs (❌ 5.42x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.17 s (❌ 1.26x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	10.75 ns (---)	10.01 ns (---)	9.97 ns (---)	359.44 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	75.17 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	73.57 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	sandbox_from_snapshot
default	6.86 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)	5.27 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)	1.34 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	1.14 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	1.28 ms (---)
large	308.47 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	301.59 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	312.15 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	240.30 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.13 ms (---)
medium	88.88 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	70.93 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	75.88 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)	73.68 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	2.59 ms (---)
small	17.53 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	15.02 ms (❌ 1.11x slower)	10.79 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	8.93 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	1.59 ms (---)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	84.33 ns (---)
65536	31.60 ns (---)
8192	16.90 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	48.87 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	56.66 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	46.56 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)
64MB	11.89 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)	13.11 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	8.17 ms (❌ 1.32x slower)

snapshot_files

	cold_start_via_evolve	cold_start_via_snapshot	cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified	load_snapshot	load_snapshot_unverified	save_snapshot
default	6.78 ms (---)	5.50 ms (---)	5.22 ms (---)	2.90 ms (---)	736.51 µs (---)	21.21 ms (---)
large	226.29 ms (---)	237.39 ms (---)	9.42 ms (---)	242.78 ms (---)	712.66 µs (---)	656.76 ms (---)
medium	64.35 ms (---)	67.21 ms (---)	6.17 ms (---)	82.97 ms (---)	676.07 µs (---)	226.85 ms (---)
small	15.72 ms (---)	15.87 ms (---)	5.27 ms (---)	30.78 ms (---)	717.07 µs (---)	49.17 ms (---)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	623.49 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	91.35 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)
large	349.33 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	65.74 ms (❌ 1.68x slower)
medium	85.65 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	1.23 ms (❌ 4.67x slower)
small	11.44 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	103.76 µs (❌ 1.54x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	17.74 µs (---)	17.50 µs (---)	28.73 µs (---)	28.19 µs (---)
65536	4.27 µs (---)	4.51 µs (---)	5.82 µs (---)	6.00 µs (---)
8192	767.68 ns (---)	785.82 ns (---)	892.32 ns (---)	868.27 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	26.58 µs (---)	27.74 µs (---)	47.06 µs (---)	47.83 µs (---)
65536	6.47 µs (---)	6.85 µs (---)	11.00 µs (---)	10.51 µs (---)
8192	1.19 µs (---)	1.23 µs (---)	1.47 µs (---)	1.41 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — ✅ 1.45x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 5.42x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *4.82x slower* → ✅ **1.32x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.30 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.63 µs (---)
256	1.52 µs (---)
4096	1.65 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.39 ns (---)
128	14.91 ns (---)
1500	16.12 ns (---)
256	14.97 ns (---)
4096	16.19 ns (---)
512	16.39 ns (---)
64	14.94 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.58 ns (---)
256	15.40 ns (---)
4096	16.85 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.15 ns (---)	30.00 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.93 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	12.54 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	129.49 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)	120.07 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	429.18 µs (❌ 1.87x slower)
large	86.94 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)	162.04 µs (❌ 1.35x slower)	778.00 µs (❌ 1.21x slower)
medium	128.05 µs (❌ 1.60x slower)	139.36 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	355.97 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)
small	138.42 µs (❌ 1.98x slower)	119.02 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	407.80 µs (❌ 1.80x slower)
				96.89 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	192.07 µs (❌ 2.90x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.17 s (✅ 1.10x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	12.46 ns (---)	10.48 ns (---)	10.50 ns (---)	383.51 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	93.22 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	95.02 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	sandbox_from_snapshot
default	10.64 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)	6.32 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	1.79 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	2.24 ms (---)
large	389.91 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	318.80 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	382.70 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	299.24 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	6.27 ms (---)
medium	143.45 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	89.84 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	100.11 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	74.45 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	3.02 ms (---)
small	27.72 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	17.52 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	13.93 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	10.33 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	2.40 ms (---)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	91.11 ns (---)
65536	33.00 ns (---)
8192	17.22 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	66.88 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	73.97 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	34.37 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
64MB	13.80 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	16.43 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	9.50 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

snapshot_files

	cold_start_via_evolve	cold_start_via_snapshot	cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified	load_snapshot	load_snapshot_unverified	save_snapshot
default	10.12 ms (---)	5.67 ms (---)	9.46 ms (---)	1.21 ms (---)	552.99 µs (---)	1.75 s (---)
large	348.58 ms (---)	330.09 ms (---)	12.26 ms (---)	360.02 ms (---)	464.59 µs (---)	3.63 s (---)
medium	106.48 ms (---)	96.22 ms (---)	10.68 ms (---)	74.96 ms (---)	453.16 µs (---)	2.83 s (---)
small	19.95 ms (---)	21.79 ms (---)	9.33 ms (---)	13.83 ms (---)	614.96 µs (---)	1.91 s (---)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	755.65 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	172.54 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)
large	427.99 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	72.23 ms (❌ 1.26x slower)
medium	106.10 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)	4.34 ms (❌ 4.82x slower)
small	14.02 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	208.70 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	16.31 µs (---)	16.57 µs (---)	23.41 µs (---)	23.44 µs (---)
65536	4.73 µs (---)	4.77 µs (---)	6.01 µs (---)	5.97 µs (---)
8192	608.41 ns (---)	612.27 ns (---)	681.94 ns (---)	678.31 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	24.32 µs (---)	24.84 µs (---)	51.77 µs (---)	52.06 µs (---)
65536	6.35 µs (---)	6.42 µs (---)	10.36 µs (---)	10.19 µs (---)
8192	885.06 ns (---)	960.73 ns (---)	1.15 µs (---)	1.18 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.32x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 4.82x slower