Avoid repeated rewrites of overflowing call arguments

[srghma]

Summary

• fixes runs infinitely on https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/main/tests/ui/parser/survive-peano-lesson-queue.rs #6963
• cache overflowing final-argument rewrites by span, shape, and formatting state
• avoid the exponential work from speculative nested-call formatting
• add the Peano queue regression fixture

Testing

• cargo fmt --check
• cargo check -p rustfmt-nightly
• cargo test -p rustfmt-nightly --lib overflow
• cargo test system_tests
• target/release/rustfmt --edition 2024 --emit stdout tests/source/survive-peano-lesson-queue.rs