Added support for Alpine 3.24

[jaydrogers]

Original author

This was originally authored by @jsayer101 but brought internally so we can get the right permissions for CI/CD testing.

• Added support for Alpine 3.24 #683

What this PR does

Adds Alpine 3.24 support, following the same approach as #638 (Alpine 3.23 support):

• Added alpine3.24 as a base OS for PHP 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 — all of these have official php:*-alpine3.24 images available on Docker Hub
• Kept the two latest Alpine versions (3.23 and 3.24) on active PHP versions, consistent with what was done in Update PHP base opertating systems. Add Alpine 3.23 support #638

Notes

• alpine3.24 becomes the new default for the alpine tag suffix on supported PHP versions